A History of Rome, Vol 1 by A H.J. Greenidge

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By a singular irony of fortune it chanced that the province of Gaul fell
to Maximus and not to Rutilius. The strong-headed soldier was left at
home to indulge his schemes of army reform while the new man went to his
post in the north, to quarrel with the aristocratic Caepio, who was now
serving as proconsul in those regions, and to share in the crushing
disaster which this dissension drew upon their heads. The search for
genius had to be renewed at the close of this melancholy year.[1224]
Another "new man" was found in Caius Flavius Fimbria, a product of the
forensic activity of the age, a clever lawyer, a bitter and vehement
speaker, but with a power that secured his efforts a transitory
circulation as types of literary oratory.[1225] He is not known to have
shown any previous ability as a soldier, and his election, so far as it
was not due to his own unquestioned merit, may have been but a symbol of
the continued prevalence of the distrust of the people in aristocratic
influence and qualifications. His competitor was Catulus who was for the
third time defeated. For the other place in the consulship there could
be no competition. The close of the Numidian war had freed the hands of
the man who was still believed to be the greatest soldier of the day.
There was, it is true, a legal difficulty in the way of the appointment
of Marius to the command in the north. Such a command should belong to a
consul, but nearly fifty years before this date a law had been passed
absolutely prohibiting re-election to the consulship.[1226] Yet the
dispensation granted to the younger Africanus could be quoted as a
precedent, and indeed the danger that now threatened the very frontiers
of Italy was an infinitely better argument for the suspension of the law
than the reverses of the Numantine war.[1227] The people were in no mood
to listen to legal quibbles. They drove the protestant minority from the
assembly, and raised Marius to the position which they deemed necessary
for the salvation of the State.[1228] The formal act of dispensation may
have been passed by the Comitia either before or after the election, but
the senate must have been easily coerced into giving its assent, if its
adherence were thought requisite to the validity of the act. The
province of Gaul was assigned him as a matter of course,[1229] whether
by the senate or the people is a matter of indifference. For the Roman
constitution was again throwing off the mask of custom and uncovering
the bold lineaments which spoke of the undisputed sovereignty of the
people. Certainly, if a sovereign has a right to assert himself, it is
one who is _in extremis_, who stands between death and revolution.
Personality had again triumphed in spite of the meshes of Roman law and
custom. It remained to be seen whether the net could be woven again with
as much cunning as before, or whether the rent made by Marius was
greater than that which had been torn by the Gracchi.

TITLES OF MODERN WORKS REFERRED TO IN THE NOTES

L'ANNEE EPIGRAPHIQUE; revue des publications epigraphiques relatives a
l'antiquite Romaine (1896, pp. 30, 31, _Fragmentum Tarentinum_).

BARDEY, E.--_Das sechste Consulat des Marius oder das Jahr 100 in der
roemischen Verfassungsgeschichte_. Brandenburg-a.-d.-H., 1884.

BEESLY, A.H.--_The Gracchi, Marius and Sulla_. 3rd ed. London, 1882.

BELOCH, J.--_Der Italische Bund unter Roms Hegemonie; staatsrechtliche
und statistische Forschungen_. Leipzig, 1880.

BERGMANN, R.--_De Asiae Romanorum provinciae praesidibus_ (Philologus,
ii., 1847, p. 641).

BETHMANN-HOLLWEG, M.A. VON.--_Der roemische Civilprozess_ (Der
Civilprozess des gemeinen Rechts, Bde. i., ii.). Bonn, 1864-5.

BIEREYE, J.--_Res Numidarum et Maurorum annis inde ab a. DCXLVIII.
usque ad a. DCCVIII. ab u.c. perscribuntur_. Halis Saxonum, 1885.

BOISSIER, GASTON.--_L'Afrique Romaine; promenades archeologiques en
Algerie et en Tunisie_. Paris, 1895.

BOISSIERE, GUSTAVE.--_Esquisse d'une histoire de la conquete et de
l'administration Romaines dans le Nord de l'Afrique et
particulierement dans la province de Numidie_. Paris, 1878.

BOOR, C. DE.--_Fasti censorii, quos composuit et commentariis instruxit
C. de Boor_. Berolini, 1873.

BRUNS, C.G.--_Fontes juris Romani antiqui_. Ed. 6ta. Friburgi, 1893.

BUECHER, K.--_Die Aufstaende der unfreien Arbeiter 143-129 v. Chr_.
Frankfurt-a.-M., 1874.

CORPUS INSCRIPTIONUM GRAECARUM. Ed. A. Boeckh. Vol. ii. Berlin, 1843.

CORPUS INSCRIPTIONUM LATINARUM. Berolini. Vol. i. (ed. Th. Mommsen,
1863; ed. ii., pars i., ed. Th. Mommsen, G. Henzen, C. Huelsen,
1893). Vol. ii. (ed. A. Huebner, 1869). Vol. viii. (coll. G.
Wilmanns, 1881).

CUNNINGHAM, W.--_An Essay on Western Civilisation in its _Economic
Aspects_. Cambridge, 1898-1900.

DELOUME, A.--_Les manieurs d'argent a Rome jusqu'a l'Empire_. Paris,
1892.

DREYFUS, R.--_Essai sur les lois agraires sous la Republique Romaine_.
Paris, 1898.

DRUMANN, W.--_Geschichte Roms in seinem Uebergange von der
republikanischen zur monarchisen Verfassung_. 2te Aufl., herausg.
von P. Groebe. Berlin. Bd. i., 1899. Bd. ii., 1902.

DUREAU DE LA MALLE, A.--_Economie politique des Romains_. Paris, 1840.

FORBIGER, A.--_Handbuch der alten Geographie_. Leipzig, 1842-8.

FOWLER, W. WARDE.--_The Roman Festivals of the Period of the Republic_.
London and New York, 1899.

FRAENKEL, M.--_Die Inschriften von Pergamon_ (Altertuemer von Pergamon.
Berlin, 1890. Bd. viii.).

GOEBEL, E.--_Die Westkueste Afrikas im Altertum und die Geschichte
Mauretaniens_. Leipzig, 1887.

GREENIDGE, A.-H. J.--_The Legal Procedure of Cicero's Time_. Oxford,
1901.
----_Roman Public Life_. London, 1901.

GUADET, J.--_Basilica_ (Daremberg-Saglio, Dictionnaire des Antiquites
Grecques et Romaines).

HERZOG, E.--_Geschichte und System der roemischen Staatsverfassung_.
Leipzig, 1884-91.

HUEBNER, E.--_Baliares_ (Pauly-Wissowa, Real-Encyclopaedie der
classischen Altertumswissenschaft, p. 2823).
----_Roemische Heerschaft in Westeuropa_, Berlin, 1890.

IHNE, W.--_Roemische Geschichte_. Leipzig, 1868-79. 2te Aufl. 1893.

KIENE, A.--_Der roemische Bundesgenossenkrieg nach den Quellen
bearbeitet_. Leipzig, 1845.

KLEES, E.--_Atilius Saranus oder Serranus_ (Pauly-Wissowa,
Real-Encyclopaedie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft, p. 2094).

KOEPP, F.--_De Attali III. patre_ (Rheinisches Museum fuer Philologie.
N. F. Bd. xlviii., 1893, p. 154).

KRAUSE, J. H.--_Deinokrates oder Huette, Haus und Palast, Dorf, Stadt
und Residenz der alten Welt_. Jena, 1863.

LAU, T.--_Lucius Cornelius Sulla. Eine Biografie_, Hamburg, 1855.

LONG, G.--_The Decline of the Roman Republic_. London, 1864-74.

MAHAFFY, J. P.--_The Slave Wars against Rome_ (Hermathena, 1890).
----_The Work of Mago on Agriculture (ibid.)_.

MARQUARDT, J.--_Das Privatleben der Roemer_. Leipzig, 1879. 2te Aufl.,
besorgt von A. Mau. Leipzig, 1886.
----_Roemische Staatsverwaltung_. Bd. i., 2te Aufl., 1881. Bd. ii.,
2te Aufl., besorgt von H. Dessau und A. von Domaszewski, 1884.
Leipzig.

MEINEL, G.--_Zur Chronologie des Jugurthinischen Krieges_. Augsburg,
1883.

MERCIER, E.--_La population indigene de l'Afrique sous la domination
Romaine, Vandale et Byzantine_ (Recueil des notices et memoires de
la societe archeologique du departement de Constantine, vol. xxx.;
3e serie, vol. ix., p, 127. 1895-6. Constantine, 1897).

MEYER, P.--_Der roemische Konkubinat, nach den Rechtsquellen und den
Inschriften_. Leipzig, 1895.

MIDDLETON, J. H., and SMITH, W.--_Domus_ (Smith, Dictionary of Greek
and Roman Antiquities, 3rd ed., i., p. 604. London, 1890).

MITTEIS, L.--_Zur Geschichte der Erbpacht im Alterthum_ (Abhandlungen
der philologisch-historischen Classe der Koenigl. Saechsischen
Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften. Bd. xx., No. iv. Leipzig, 1901).

MOMMSEN, TH.--_Festi codicis quaternionem decimum sextum denuo edidit
Th. Mommsen_ (Abhandlungen der Koenigl. Akademie der Wissenschaften
zu Berlin. Philologische und historische Abhandlungen, 1864, p,
57).
----_Geschichte des roemischen Muenzwesens_. Berlin, 1860.
----_The History of Rome_, translated by W. P. Dickson, London
(Edinburgh.), 1894.
----_Roemische Forschungen_, Bde. i, ii. (Bd. i., 2te Aufl.). Berlin,
1864, 1879.
----_Roemisches Staatsrecht_. Leipzig, 1887-8.
----_Die roemischen Tribus in administrativer Beziehung_. Altona, 1844.
----_Zama_ (Hermes, xx., 1885, p, 144).

MOVERS, F. C.--_Die Phoenizier_. Bonn und Berlin, 1841-56.

MUELLER, L. _Numismatique de l'ancienne Afrique_. Copenhague, 1860-2.
Supplement, 1874.

NEUMANN, C.--_Geschichte Roms waehrend des Verfalles der Republik_,
Breslau, 1881-4.

NIESE, B.--_Das sogenannte Licinisch-sextische Ackergesetz_ (Hermes,
xxiii., 1888).

NITZSCH, K. W.--_Die Gracchen und ihre naechsten Vorgaenger, vier Buecher
roemischer Geschichte_. Berlin, 1847.

OVERBECK, J.--_Pompeii in seinen Gebaeuden, Alterthuemern und
Kunstwerken ... dargestellt_. Leipzig, 1856. 2te Aufl. 2 Bde.,
1866. 4te im Vereine mit A. Man durchgearbeitete und vermehrte
Aufl., 1884.

PETER, C. _Geschichte Roms_. 4te verbesserte Aufl. Halle-a.-S., 1881.

POEHLMANN, R.--_Geschichte des antiken Kommunismus und Sozialismus_.
Muenchen, 1893-1900.

RAMSAY, W. M.--_The Cities and Bishoprics of Phrygia_. Oxford, 1895-7.

REIN, W.--_Das Criminalrecht der Roemer von Romulus bis auf
Justinianus_, Leipzig, 1844.

REINACH, TH.--_Mithridate Eupator, roi du Pont_. Paris, 1890.

RICHTER, O.--_Topographie der Stadt Rom_. 2te Aufl. Muenchen, 1901.

RUDORFF, A.A.F.--_Das Ackergesetz des Sp. Thorius wiederhergestellt und
erlaeutert_ (Zeitschr. fuer geschichtliche Rechtswissenschaft. Bd. x.
Berlin, 1839).

SCHAEFER, A.--On Orosius, v., 9, 6 (_Mamertium oppidum_) (Jahrbuecher fuer
classische Philologie, 1873, p. 71).
----On Plutarch, _Ti. Gracch_. II ([Greek: _Mallios kai phoulbios_])
(ibid.).

SCHMIDT, J.--_Zama_ (Rheinisches Museum fuer Philologie. N. F. Bd.
xliv., 1889, p. 397).

SMITH, W. and WILKINS, A.S.--_Frumentariae Leges_ (Smith, Dictionary of
Greek and Roman Antiquities, 3rd. ed., i. p. 877. London, 1890).

SOLTAU, W.--_Das Aechtheit des licinischen Ackergesetzes von 367 v.
Chr_. (Hermes, xxx., 1895),
---- _Roms Kultur_ (Kulturgeschichte des klassischen Altertums, p.
190. Leipzig, 1897).

STEINWENDER, TH.--_Die Roemische Buergerschaft in ihrem Verhaeltniss zum
Heere_. Danzig, 1888.

STRACHAN-DAVIDSON, J.L.--_Appian, Civil Wars_. Book i., edited with
notes and map. Oxford, 1902.

SUMMERS, W.C.--_C. Sallusti Crispi Jugurtha_, edited with introduction,
notes and index. Cambridge, 1902.

THEDENAT, H.--_Ergastulum_ (Daremberg-Saglio, Dictionnaire des
Antiquites Grecques et Romaines).

TISSOT, C.--_Geographie comparee de la province Romaine d'Afrique_.
Tome i., Paris, 1884. Tome ii. (ouvrage publie d'apres le manuscrit
de l'auteur avec des notes, des additions et un atlas par Salomon
Reinach), 1888.

UNDERHILL, G.E.--_Plutarch's Lives of the Gracchi_, edited, with
introduction, notes and indices. Oxford, 1892.

USSING, J.L.--_Pergamos, seine Geschichte und Monumente_, nach der
daenischen Ausgabe neu bearbeitet. Berlin, 1899.

VOIGT, M.--_Ueber die Bankiers, die Buchfuehrung und die
Litteralobligation der Roemer_ (Abhandlungen der
philologisch-historischen Classe der Koenigl. Saechsischen
Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften. Bd. x. Leipzig, 1887).
---- _Ueber die staatsrechtliche Possessio und den Ager Compascuus der
roemischen Republik_ (ibid.).
---- _Privataltertuemer und Kulturgeschichte_ (Handbuch der klassischen
Altertumswissenschaft, herausg. von Iwan von Mueller. Bd. iv., abt.
ii., 2te Aufl. Muenchen, 1893).

WADDINGTON, W.H.--_Fastes des provinces Asiatiques de l'Empire Romain
depuis leur origine jusqu'au regne de Diocletien. Ch. ii., Province
d'Asie_ (Voyage Archeologique en Grece et en Asie Mineure, par P.
Le Bas et W.H. Waddington. Vol. iii., p. 661. Paris, 1870).

WALLON, H.--_Histoire de l'esclavage dans l'antiquite_. 2nd edit.
Paris, 1879.

WALTZING, J.P.--_Etude historique sur les corporations professionnelles
chez les Romains depuis les origines jusqu'a la chute de l'Empire
d'Occident_. Louvain, 1899-1900.

WILCKEN, U.--_Attalos III_. (Pauly-Wissowa, Real-Encyclopaedie der
classischen Altertumswissenschaft, p. 2168).

ZUMPT, A.W.--_Das Criminalrecht der roemischen Republik_. Berlin, 1865-9.

FOOTNOTES:

[1] The average, or at least the most powerful, type of a race is
stamped on its history. It is perhaps needless to say that no
generalisations on character apply to all its individual members.

[2] Even the Hellenes of the West are only a partial exception. It is
true that their cities clung to the coast; but the vast inland
possessions of states like Sybaris are scarcely paralleled elsewhere in
the history of Greek colonisation.

[3] The Latin colony of Aquileia was settled in the former year (Liv.
xl. 34 Vellei. 1. 15), the Roman colony of Auximum in the latter
(Vellei. l.c.).

[4] Cic. _de Leg. Agr_. ii. 27. 73 Est operae pretium diligentiam
majorum recordari, qui colonias sic idoneis in locis contra suspicionem
periculi collocarunt, ut esse non oppida Italiae, sed propugnacula
imperii viderentur.

[5] Liv. xxvii. 38; xxxvi. 3; cf. Marquardt _Staatsverwaltung_ 1. p. 51.

[6] The Roman citizen, who entered his name for a Latin colony, suffered
the derogation of _caput_ which was known to the later jurists as
_capitis deminutio minor_ and expressed the loss of _civitas_ (Gaius i.
161; iii. 56). That a fine was the alternative of enrolment, hence
conceived as voluntary, we are told by Cicero (_pro Caec_. 33. 98 Aut
sua voluntate aut legis multa profecti sunt: quam multam si sufferre
voluissent, manere in civitate potuissent. Cf. _pro Domo_ 30. 78 Qui
cives Romani in colonias Latinas proficiscebantur, fieri non poterant
Latini, nisi erant auctores acti nomenque dederant).

[7] Liv. xxxix. 23.

[8] Liv. xxxvii. 4.

[9] Liv. xlii. 32 Multi voluntate nomina dabant, quia locupletes
videbant, qui priore Macedonico bello, aut adversus Antiochum in Asia,
stipendia fecerant.

[10] For the assignations _viritim_ in the times of the Kings see Varro
_R.R_. i. 10 (Romulus); Cic. _de Rep_. ii. 14. 26 (Numa); Liv. 1. 46
(Servius Tullius). That the Cassian distribution was to be [Greek: _kat
andra_] is stated by Dionysius (viii. 72, 73). On the whole subject see
Mommsen in C.I.L. i. p. 75. He has made out a good case for the land
thus assigned being known by the technical name of _viritanus ager_. See
Festus p. 373; Siculus Flaccus p. 154 Lachm. We shall find that this was
the form of distribution effected by the Gracchi.

[11] For the settlement in the land of the Volsci see Liv. v. 24; for
that made by M. Curius in the Sabine territory, Colum. i. praef. 14;
[Victor] _de Vir. Ill_. 33.

[12] Cato ap. Varr. _R.R_. i. 2. 7 Ager Gallicus Romanus vocatur, qui
viritim cis Ariminum datus est ultra agrum Picentium; cf. Cic. _Brut_.
14. 57; _de Senect_. 4. 11; Val. Max. v. 4. 5.

[13] Liv. xlii. 4 (173 B.C.); cf. xli. 16.

[14] The other sources were the _portoria_ and the _vicesima libertatis_.
Even at a period when the revenues from the provinces were infinitely
larger than they were at the present time Cicero could write, with
reference to Caesar's proposal for distributing the Campanian land,
Portoriis Italiae sublatis, agro Campano divisor, quid vectigal superest
domesticum praeter vicensimam? (Cic. _ad Att_. ii. 16. i).

[15] See the map attempted by Beloch in his work _Der Italische Bund
unter Roms Hegemonie_.

[16] Vellei. ii. 7. See ch. iv., where the attitude of the senate
towards the proposals for transmarine settlement made by Caius Gracchus
is described.

[17] Polyb. xxxii. 11.

[18] Besides the continued war in Spain from 145 to 133 there were
troubles in Macedonia (in 142) and in Sicily during this period of
comparative peace. _Circa_ 140-135 commences the great slave rising in
that island, and in the latter year the long series of campaigns against
the free Illyrian and Thracian peoples begins.

[19] The _officia_ of the _villicus_ have become very extensive even in
Cato's time (Cato _R.R_. 5). Their extent implies the assumption of
very prolonged absences on the part of the master.

[20] Lucullus paid 500,200 drachmae for the house at Misenum which had
once belonged to Cornelia. She had purchased it for 75,000 (Plut. _Mar_.
34). Marius had been its intermediate owner. Even during his occupancy
it is described as [Greek: _polytelaes oikia tryphas echousa kai diaitas
thaelyteras hae kat andra polemon tosouton kai strateion autourgon_.]

[21] Diod. xxxvii. 3.

[22] Sulla rented one of the lower floors for 3000 sesterces (Plut.
_Sulla_ 1).

[23] The _coenaculum_ is mentioned by Livy (xxxix. 14) in connection
with the year 186 B.C. It is known both to Ennius (ap. Tertull. _adv_.
Valent. 7) and to Plautus (_Amph_. iii. 1. 3).

[24] Festus p. 171. The _insula_ resembled a large hotel, with one or
more courts, and bounded on all sides by streets. See Smith _Dict. of
Antiq_. (3rd ed.) i. p. 665.

[25] Val. Max. viii. 1. damn. 7 Admodum severae notae et illud populi
judicium, cum M. Aemilium Porcinam (consul 137 B.C.) a L. Cassio (censor
125 B.C.) accusatum crimine nimis sublime extructae villae in Alsiensi
agro gravi multa affecit. The author does not sufficiently distinguish
between the censorian initiative and the operation of the law. The
passage is important as showing the existence of an enactment on the
height of buildings. See Voigt in Iwan-Mueller's _Handbuch_ iv. 2, p.
394, and cf. Vellei. ii. 10. Augustus limited the height of houses to
70 feet (Strabo v. p. 235).

[26] Diodor. v. 40 (The Etruscans) [Greek: _en ... tais oikiais ta
peristoa pros tas ton therapeuonton ochlon tarachas exeuron
euchraestian_.] See Krause _Deinokrates_ p. 528.

[27] In spite of the plural form _fauces_ (Vitruv. vi. 3. 6) may denote
only a single passage. See Marquardt _Privatl_. p. 240; Smith and
Middleton in Smith _Dict. of Antiq_. i. p. 671.

[28] For this _atriensis_, the English butler, the continental porter,
see the frequent references in Plautus (e.g., _Asin_. ii. 2. 80 and 101;
_Pseud_. ii. 2. 15), Krause _Deinokrates_ p. 534 and Marquardt
_Privatl_. p. 140.

[29] Plin. _H.N_. xxxv. 6 Stemmata vero lineis discurrebant ad imagines
pictas. It is not known at what period the _imagines_ were transferred
from the Atrium to the Alae.

[30] Overbeck _Pompeii_ p. 192; Krause _Deinokrates_ p. 539.

[31] For the practice started, or developed, by Caius Gracchus of
receiving visitors, some singly, others in smaller or larger groups, see
Seneca _de Ben_. vi. 34. 2 and the description of Gracchus' tribunate in
chapter iv.

[32] Festus p. 357 (according to Mommsen, Abh. der Berl. Akad.
Phil.-hist. Classe, 1864 p. 68). Tablinum proxime atrium locus dicitur,
quod antiqui magistratus in suo imperio tabulis rationum ibi habebant
publicarum rationum causa factum locum; Plin. _H.N_. xxxv. 7 Tabulina
codicibus implebantur et monimentis rerum in magistratu gestarum.
Marquardt, however (_Privatl_. p. 215) thinks that the name _tablinum_
is derived from the fact that this chamber was originally made of planks
(_tablinum_ from _tabula_, as _figlinum_ from _figulus_).

[33] The earliest instances of extreme extravagance in the use of
building material--of the use, for instance, of Hymettian and Numidian
marble--are furnished by the houses of the orator Lucius Licinius
Crassus (built about 92 B.C.) and of Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, consul in
78 B.C. This growth of luxury will be treated when we come to deal with
the civilisation of the Ciceronian period.

[34] As Krause expresses it (_Deinokrates_ p. 542), at the final stage
we find a Greek "Hinterhaus" standing behind an old Italian
"Vorderhaus".

[35] The case mentioned by Juvenal (xi. 151)

Pastoris duri hic est filius, ille bubulci.
Suspirat longo non visam tempore matrem,
Et casulam, et notos tristis desiderat haedos,

must have been of frequent occurrence as soon as the urban and rustic
_familiae_ had been kept distinct.

[36] Suetonius says (_de Rhet_. 3) of L. Voltacilius Pilutus, one of the
teachers of Pompeius, Servisse dicitur atque etiam ostiarius vetere more
in catena fuisse.

[37] For these _atrienses, atriarii, admissionales, velarii_ see Wallon
_Hist. de l'Esclavage_ ii. p. 108.

[38] Diod. xxxvii. 3; Sallust (_Jug_. 85) makes Marius say (107 B.C.)
Neque pluris pretii coquum quam villicum habeo. Livy (xxxix. 6) remarks
with reference to the consequences of the return of Manlius' army from
Asia in 187 B.C. Tum coquus, vilissimum antiquis mancipium et
aestimatione et usu, in pretio esse; et, quod ministerium fuerat, ars
haberi coepta.

[39] Plin. _H.N_. xviii. 108 Nec coquos vero habebant in servitiis
eosque ex macello conducebant. The practice is mentioned by Plautus
(_Aul_. ii. 4. 1; iii. 2. 15).

[40] _Condus promus_ (Plaut. _Pseud_. ii. 2. 14).

[41] Wallon op. cit. ii. p. 111.

[42] C. Gracchus ap. Gell. x. 3. 5.

[43] Polyb. xxxii. 11; Diodor. xxxvii. 3.

[44] Diod. l.c.

[45] Plin. _H.N_. xxxiii. 143 Invenimus legatos Carthaginiensium
dixisse nullos hominum inter se benignius vivere quam Romanos. Eodem
enim argento apud omnes cenitavisse ipsos.

[46] Val. Max. ii. 9, 3.

[47] Plin. _H.N_. xxxiii. 141.

[48] Vellei. i. 13.

[49] Polyb. xl. 7.

[50] Liv. xxxix. 6 Lectos aeratos ... plagulas ... monopodia et abacos
Romam advexerunt. Tunc psaltriae sambucistriaeque et convivalia ludionum
oblectamenta addita epulis. Cf. Plin, _H.N_. xxxiv. 14.

[51] Polyb. ix. 10 [Greek: _Rhomaioi de metakomisantes ta proeiraemena
tais men idiotikais kataskenais tous auton ekosmaesan bious, tais de
daemosiais ta koina taes poleos_.] Another great raid was that made by
Fulvius Nobilior in 189 B.C. on the art treasures of the Ambraciots
(Signa aenea marmoreaque et tabulae pictae, Liv. xxxviii. 9).

[52] Plin. _H.N_. xv. 19 Graeci vitiorum omnium genitores.

[53] Cic. _pro Arch_. 3. 5 Erat Italia tum plena Graecarum artium ac
disciplinarum ... Itaque hunc (Archiam) et Tarentini et Regini et
Neapolitani civitate ceterisque praemiis donarunt: et omnes, qui aliquid
de ingeniis poterant judicare, cognitione atque hospitio dignum
existimarunt.

[54] Cic. _de Rep_. ii. 19. 34 Videtur insitiva quadam disciplina
doctior facta esse civitas. Influxit enim non tenuis quidam e Graecia
rivulus in hanc urbem, sed abundantissimus amnis illarum disciplinarum
et artium. Cicero is speaking of the very earliest Hellenic influences
on Rome, but his description is just as appropriate to the period which
we are considering.

[55] Plut. _Paul_. 28.

[56] Sulla brought back the library of Apellicon of Teos, Lucullus the
very large one of the kings of Pontus (Plut. _Sulla_ 26; _Luc_. 42;
Isid. _Orig_. vi. 5). Lucullus allowed free access to his books. Here we
get the germ of the public library. The first that was genuinely public
belongs to the close of the Republican era. It was founded by Asinius
Pollio in the Atrium Libertatis on the Aventine (Plin. _H.N_. vii. 45;
Isid. _Orig_. vi. 5).

[57] Macrob. _Sat_. iii. 14. 7.

[58] Dionys. vii. 71.

[59] They had made contributions in 186 B.C. towards the games of Scipio
Asiaticus (Plin. _H.N_. xxxiii. 138).

[60] Livy (xl. 44) after describing the _senatus consultum_, in which
occur the words Neve quid ad eos ludos arcesseret, cogeret, acciperet,
faceret adversus id senatus consultum, quod L. Aemilio Cn. Baebio
consulibus de ludis factum esset, adds Decreverat id senatus propter
effusos sumptus, factos in ludos Ti. Sempronii aedilis, qui graves non
modo Italiae ac sociis Latini nominis sed etiam provinciis
externis fuerant.

[61] The effect was still worse when a rich man avoided it. Cic. _de
Off_. ii. 17. 58. Vitanda tamen suspicio est avaritiae. Mamerco, homini
divitissimo, praetermissio aedilitatis consulatus repulsam attulit.
Sulla said that the people would not give him the praetorship because
they wished him to be aedile first. They knew that he could obtain
African animals for exhibition (Plut. _Sulla_ 5).

[62] Cic. _in Verr_. v. 14. 36.

[63] Liv. x. 47; xxvii. 6.

[64] Liv. xxiii. 30.

[65] Liv. xxx. 39.

[66] Plin. _H.N_. xviii. 286.

[67] Mommsen _Roem. Muenzw_. p. 645.

[68] Liv. xxxvi. 36. On these festivals see Warde Fowler _The Roman
Festivals_ pp. 72. 91. 70. The _Megalesia_ seem to have fallen to the
lot of the curule aediles (Dio. Cass. xliii. 48), the others to have
been given indifferently by either pair.

[69] Val. Max. ii. 4-7; Liv. _Ep_. xvi. It was exhibited in the Forum
Boarium by Marcus and Decimus Brutus at the funeral of their father.

[70] Compare Livy's description (xli. 20) of the adoption of Roman
gladiatorial shows by Antiochus Epiphanes--Armorum studium plerisque
juvenum accendit.

[71] Polyb. xxx. 13.