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Lendas e Narrativas (Tomo I) by Alexandre Herculano

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This e-text is transcribed from the 1858 2nd edition of Lendas e
Narrativas (Tomo I).




LENDAS E NARRATIVAS (Tomo I)




ADVERTENCIA


A Advertencia que precedia a anterior edicao, e que adiante vae
repetida, explica sobejamente porque as primeiras tentativas de um
genero de escriptos, que so muito tarde foi cultivado em Portugal,
se publicaram em volumes, quando talvez nao devessem sair das
columnas dos jornaes, onde viram a luz publica. Consideramo-los
entao, e consideramo-los agora apenas como balisas no campo da
nossa historia litteraria, balisas que nos parecem ainda mais
toscas actualmente; porque ao passo que a reflexao e o tempo
nos amaduram o espirito, os defeitos de composicao e de estylo
cada vez se vao avolumando mais aos olhos da nossa consciencia
retrospectiva. Reputando-os, todavia, hoje como ha oito annos,
simples marcos milliarios, a presente edicao absolve-se pelos
mesmos titulos porque devia ser absolvida a edicao anterior.

Esperavamos, e dissemo-lo sinceramente, que estas desadornadas
tentativas esqueceriam em breve offuscadas pelas brilhantes
composicoes que comecavam a avultar no caminho que haviamos aberto.
O publico enleodeu de outro modo. Sem deixar de apreciar o melhor,
nao esqueceu estes mal delineados esbocos, que ficaram na sua
memoria como nos ficam para a saudade os dias do nosso balbuciar
infantil.

Quinze a vinte annos sao decorridos desde que se deu um passo,
bem que debil, decisivo, para quebrar as tradicoes do Alivio
de Tristo e do Feliz Independente, tyrannos que reinavam sem
emulos e sem conspiracoes na provincia do romance portugues.
Nestes quinze ou vinte annos creou-se uma litteratura e pode
dizer-se que nao ha anno que nao lhe traga um progresso. Desde
as Lendas e Narrativas ate o livro Onde esta a Felicidade? que
vasto espaco transposto! E todavia, apesar do immenso talento
que se revela nas mais recentes composicoes, quem sabe se entre
os nomes que despontam apenas nos horisontes litterarios, nao
vira em breve algum que offusque os que nos deixaram para nos
somente um bem modesto logar?

Oxala que assim seja. Os que nos venceram n'esta lucta gloriosa
saberao resignar-se como nos nos resignamos.

Ajuda, maio de 1858.



ADVERTENCIA DA PRIMEIRA EDICAO


Os breves romances e narrativas contidos neste volume foram
impressos, em epochas mais ou menos remotas, nas duas publicacoes
periodicas o Panorama e a Illustracao, bem como o foram nestes
ou em outros jornaes os que tem de formar o segundo volume das
Lendas e Narrativas, colleccao que, se trabalhos mais arduos o
consentirem, sera continuada com alguns outros, apenas esbocados
ou ineditos no todo ou em parte, que ainda restam entre os
manuscriptos do auctor. Corrigindo-os e publicando-os de novo,
para se ajunctarem a composicoes mais extensas e menos imperfeitas,
que ja viram a luz publica em volumes separados, elle quiz apenas
preservar do esquecimento, a que por via de regra sao condemnados
mais cedo ou mais tarde os escriptos inseridos nas columnas das
publicacoes periodicas, as primeiras tentativas do romance historico
que se fizeram na lingua portuguesa. Monumentos dos esforcos
do auctor para introduzir na litteratura nacional um genero
amplamente cultivado, nestes nossos tempos, em todos os paizes
da Europa, e este o principal, ou talvez o unico merecimento
delles; o titulo de que podem valer-se para nao serem entregues
de todo ao esquecimento. A singeleza da invencao, a pouca firmeza
nos contornos de alguns caracteres, o menos bem travado do dialogo,
imperfeicoes que nem sempre foi possivel remediar nesta nova
edicao, revelam a mao inexperiente. Na historia dos progressos
litterarios de Portugal, desde que a liberdade politica trouxe
a liberdade do pensamento, e que o engenho pode apparecer a luz
do dia sem os anginhos de uma censura tao absurda na sua indole,
como estupida na sua applicacao e esterilisadora nos seus effeitos;
nessa historia, dizemos, esta nova edicao deve ser julgada
principalmente com attencao ao seu motivo, a prioridade das
composicoes nella insertas, e a precisao em que, ao escreve-las,
o auctor se via de crear a substancia e a forma; porque para o
seu trabalho faltavam absolutamente os modelos domesticos.

A critica para ser justa nao ha-de, porem, attender so a essas
circumstancias: ha-de considerar tambem os resultados destas
tentativas, que, a principio, e licito suppor inspiraram outras
analogas, como por exemplo os "Irmaos Carvajales" e "O que foram
Portuguezes" do Sr. Mendes Leal, e gradualmente incitaram a maioria
dos grandes talentos da nossa litteratura a emprehenderem composicoes
analogas de mais largas dimensoes, e melhor delineadas e vestidas.
Todos conhecem o "Arco de Sanct'Anna", cujo ultimo volume acaba
de imprimir o primeiro poeta portugues deste seculo, o "Um ano na
Corte" do Sr. Corvo, cuja publicacao se aproxima do seu termo, e
o "Odio Velho Nao Cansa" do Sr. Rebello da Silva, ensaio que, se
as eloquencias parvoas e semsabores dos dicursos academicos nao
tivessem tornado indecentes as allusoes mythologicas, se poderia
comparar ao combate com o leao de Citheron, que revelou a Grecia
no moco Hercules o futuro semideus; porque no Odio Velho comeca
a manifestar-se o auctor da "Mocidade de D. Joao V", romance de
que ja se imprimiram algumas paginas admiraveis, mas que na parte
inedita, que e quasi tudo, nos promete um emulo de Walter-Scott.
Emfim o "Conde de Castella" do Sr. Oliveira Marreca, vasta concepcao,
posto que ainda incompleta, foi porventura inspirado pelo exemplo
destas fracas tentativas, e das que, em dimensoes maiores, o
auctor emprehendeu no Eurico e no Monge de Cister. Caracter grave
e austero, dignos dos tempos antigos, e que a providencia collocou
em meio de uma sociedade gasta e definhada por muitos generos
de corrupcoes, como uma condemnacao muda; homem sobre tudo de
sciencia e consciencia, o Sr. Marreca trouxe estes seus dotes
eminentes para o campo do romance historico, onde ninguem, talvez,
como elle poderia fazer a Portugal o servico que DuMonteil fez
a Franca, isto e, popularisar o estudo daquela parte da vida
publica e privada dos seculos semi-barbaros, que nao cabe no
quadro da historia social e politica.

Taes foram, entre outros, os mais importantes resultados da
introduccao do genero. No meio deste amplo desenvolvimento de uma
literatura nova no paiz, o auctor das seguintes paginas merecera
talvez desculpa de recordar que estes ensaios, inferiores as
publicacoes que se lhe seguiram, foram a sementinha d'onde proveio
a floresta. Seja-lhe pois licito consolar-se na sua inferioridade
com haver precedido na ordem dos tempos aquelles que, na affeicao
do publico, devem provavelmente faze-lo esquecer. Persuadido de
ter por isso direito a indulgencia, resolveu-se a transportar
para o livro aquillo que, considerado em si, nao mereceria talvez
sair nunca das columnas do fugitivo jornal, salvando assim, nao
escriptos cuja apreciacao exija largas paginas na historia
litteraria, mas um marco humilde e tosco, que, nesta especie de
litteratura, indique o ponto d'onde se partiu.





O ALCAIDE DE SANTAREM (950--961)




I


O guadamellato e uma ribeira que, descendo das solidoes mais
agras da Serra Morena, vem atraves de um territorio montanhoso
e selvatico desaguar no Guadalquivir pela margem direita, pouco
acima de Cordova. Houve tempo em que nestes desvios habitou uma
populacao numerosa: foi nas eras do dominio sarraceno em Hespanha.
Desde o governo do amir Abul-Khatar o districto de Cordova fora
distribuido as tribus arabes do Yemen e da Syria, as mais nobres
e mais numerosas entre todas as racas da Africa e da Asia, que
tinham vindo residir na Peninsula por occasiao da conquista ou
depois della. As familias que se estabeleceram naquellas encoslas
meridionaes das longas serranias chamadas pelos antigos Montes
Marianos, conservaram por mais tempo os habitos erradios dos
povos pastores. Assim no meiado decimo seculo, posto que esse
districto fosse assas povoado, o seu aspecto assemelhava-se ao
de um deserto; porque nem se descortinavam por aquelles cabecos e
valles vestigios alguns de cultura, nem alvejava um unico edificio
no meio das collinas rasgadas irregularmente pelos algares das
torrentes, ou cubertas de selvas bravias e escuras. Apenas um
ou outro dia se enxergava na extrema de algum almargem virente a
tenda branca do pegureiro, que no dia seguinte nao se encontraria
alli, se porventura se buscasse.

Havia, comtudo, povoacoes fixas naquelles ermos; havia habitacoes
humanas, porem nao de vivos. Os arabes collocavam os cemiterios
nos logares mais saudosos dessas solidoes, nos pendores meridionaes
dos outeiros, onde o sol, ao por-se, estirasse de soslaio os seus
ultimos raios pelas lagens lisas das campas, por entre os raminhos
floridos das sarcas acoutadas do vento. Era alli que, depois
do vaguear incessante de muitos annos, elles vinham deitar-se
mansamente uns ao pe dos outros, para dormirem o longo somno
sacudido sobre as suas palpebras das asas do anjo Azrael.

A raca arabe, inquieta, vagabunda e livre, como nenhuma outra
familia humana, gostava de espalhar na terra aquelles padroes,
mais ou menos sumptuosos, do captiveiro e immobilidade da morte,
talvez para avivar mais o sentimento da sua independencia illimitada
durante a vida.

No recosto de um teso, elevado no extremo de extensa gandra que
subia das margens do Guadamellato para o nordeste, estava assentado
um desses cemiterios pertencente a tribu Yemenita dos Beni-Homair.
Subindo pelo riu, viam-se alvejar ao longe as pedras das sepulturas
como um vasto estendal, e tres unicas palmeiras, plantadas na coroa
do outeiro, lhe tinham feito dar o nome de cemiterio de al-tamarah.
Transpondo o cabeco para o lado oriental, encontrava-se um desses
brincos da natureza, que nem sempre a sciencia sabe explicar:
era um cubo de granito de desconforme dimensao, que parecia ter
sido posto alli pelos esforcos de centenares d'homens, porque
nada o prendia ao solo. Do cimo desta especie de atalaia natural
descortinavam-se para todos os lados vastos horisontes.

Era um dia a tarde: o sol descia rapidamente, e ja as sombras
principiavam do lado de leste a empastar a paisagem ao longe em
negrumes confusos. Assentado na borda do rochedo quadrangular
um arabe dos Beni-Homair, armado da sua comprida lanca, volvia
olhos attentos, ora para o lado do norte, ora para o de oeste:
depois sacudia a cabeca com um signal negativo, inclinando-se
para o lado opposto da grande pedra. Quatro sarracenos estavam
alli tambem assentados em diversas posturas e em silencio, o
qual so era interrompido por algumas palavras rapidas, dirigidas
ao da lanca, e a que elle respondia sempre do mesmo modo com o
seu menear de cabeca.

"Al-barr,"--disse por fim um dos sarracenos cujo trajo e gestos
indicavam uma grande superioridade sobre os outros--"parece que
o kaid de Chantoryu[1] esqueceu a sua injuria como o wali de
Zarkosta[2] a sua ambicao d'independencia; e ate os partidarios
de Hafsun, esses guerreiros tenazes, tantas vezes vencidos por
meu pae, nao podem acreditar que Abdallah realise as promessas
que me induziste a fazer-lhes."

"Amir-al-melek[3],"--replicou Al-barr--"ainda nao e tarde: os
mensageiros podem ter sido retidos por algum successo imprevisto.
Nao creias que a ambicao e a vinganca adormecam tao facilmente
no coracao humano. Dize, Al-athar, nao te juraram elles pela
sancta Kaaba[4] que os enviados com a noticia da sua revolta e
da entrada dos christaos chegariam hoje a este logar aprazado,
antes do anoitocer?"

"Juraram--respondeu Al-athar--; mas que fe merecem homens que
nao duvidam de quebrar as promessas solemnes feitas ao kalifa,
e alem d'isso de abrir o caminho aos infieis para derramarem o
sangue dos crentes? Amir, nestas negras tramas tenho-te servido
lealmente; porque a ti devo quanto sou; mas oxala que falhassem
as esperancas que poes nos tens occultos alliados. Oxala nao
tivesse de tingir o sangue as ruas de Korthoba, e nao houvera
de ser o suppedaneo do throno que ambicionas o tumulo de teu
irmao!"

Al-athar cobriu a cara com as maos, como se quizesse esconder a
sua amargura. Abdallah parecia commovido por duas paixoes oppostas.
Depois de se conservar algum tempo em silencio, exclamou:

"Se os mensageiros dos revoltosos nao chegarem ate o anoitecer,
nao falemos mais n'isso. Meu irmao Al-hakem acaba de ser reconhecido
successor do kalifado: eu proprio o acceitei por futuro senhor
poucas horas antes de vir ter comvosco. Se o destino assim o
quer, faca-se a vontade de Deus! Al-barr, imagina que os teus
sonhos ambiciosos e os meus foram uma kassideh[5] que nao soubeste
acabar, como aquella que debalde tentaste repetir na presenca
dos embaixadores do Frandjat[6], e que foi causa de cahires no
desagrado de meu pae e de Al-hakem, e de conceberes esse odio
que alimentas contra elles, o mais terrivel odio deste mundo,
o do amor proprio offendido."

Ahmed Al-athar e o outro arabe sorriram ao ouvirem estas palavras
de Abdallah. Os olhos, porem, de Al-barr faiscaram de colera.

"Pagas mal, Abdallah,--disse elle com a voz presa garganta--os
riscos que tenho corrido para te obter a heranca do mais bello
e poderoso imperio do Islam. Pagas com allusoes affrontosas aos
que jogam a cabeca com o algoz para te por na tua uma coroa. Es
filho de teu pae! ... Nao importa. So te direi que e ja tarde
para o arrependimento. Pensas acaso que uma conspiracao sabida
de tantos ficara occulta? No ponto a que chegaste, retrocedendo
e que has-de encontrar o abysmo!"

No rosto de Abdallah pintava-se o descontentamento e a incerteza.
Ahmed ia a falar, talvez para ver de novo se divertia o principe
da arriscada empresa de disputar a coroa a seu irmao Al-hakem. Um
grito, porem, de atalaia o interrompeu. Ligeiro como relampago
um vulto saira do cemiterio, galgara o cabeco, e se aproximara
sem ser sentido: vinha involto n'um albornoz escuro, cujo capuz
quasi lhe encobria as feicoes, vendo-se-lhe apenas a barba negra
e revolta. Os quatro sarracenos puseram-se em pe de um pulo, e
arrancaram as espadas.

Ao ver aquelle movimento, o que chegara nao fez mais do que estender
para elles a mao direita e com a esquerda recuar o capuz do albornoz:
entao as espadas abaixaram-se como se uma corrente electrica
tivesse adormecido os bracos dos quairo sarracenos. Al-barr
exclamara:--"Muulin[7] o propheta! Muulin o sancto!..."

"Muulin o peccador:--interrompeu o novo personagem--Muulin, o
pobre fakih[8] penitente e quasi cego de chorar as proprias culpas
e as culpas dos homens, mas a quem Deus por isso illumina as
vezes os olhos da alma para antever o futuro ou ler no fundo
dos coracoes. Li no vosso, homens de sangue, homens de ambicao!
Sereis satisfeitos! O senhor pesou na balanca dos destinos a ti,
Abdallah, e a teu irmao Al-hakem. Elle foi achado mais leve. A
ti o throno; a elle o sepulchro. Esta escripto. Vae; nao pares
na carreira, que nao te e dado parar! Volta a Kortheba. Entra no
teu palacio Merwan; e o palacio dos kalifas da tua dynastia. Nao
foi sem mysterio que teu pae t'o deu por morada. Sobe ao sotam[9]
da torre. Ahi acharas cartas do kaid de Chantarya, e dellas veras
que nem elle, nem o wali de Zarkosta, nem os Beni-Hafsun faltam
ao que te juraram!"

"Sancto fakih--replicou Abdallab, credulo como todos os musulmanos
daquelles tempos de fe viva, e visivelmente perturbado--creio o
que dizes, porque nada para ti e occulto. O passado, o presente,
o futuro domina-los com a tua intelligencia sublime. Asseguras-me
o triumpho; mas o perdao do crime podes tu assegura-lo?"

"Verme, que te cres livre!--atalhou com voz solemne o fakih.--Verme,
cujos passos, cuja vontade mesma, nao sao mais do que frageis
instrumentos nas maos do destino, e que te cres auctor de um
crime! Quando a frecha despedida do arco fere mortalmente o
guerreiro, pede ella acaso a Deus perdao do seu peccado? Atomo
varrido pela colera de cima contra outro atomo, que vaes aniquilar,
pergunta antes se nos thesouros do Misericordioso ha perdao para
o orgulho insensato!"

Fez entao uma pausa. A noite descia rapida. Ao lusco-fusco ainda
se viu sair da manga do albornoz um braco felpudo e mirrado, que
apontava para as bandas de Cordova. Nesta postura a figura do
fakih fascinava. Coando pelos labios as syllabas, elle repeliu
tres vezes:

"Para Merwan!"

Abdallah abaixou a cabeca, e partiu vagarosamente, sem olhar
para traz. Os outros sarracenos seguiram-no. El-Muulin ficou so.

Mas quem era este homem? Todos o conheciam em Cordova; se vivesseis,
porem, naquella epocha e o perguntasseis nessa cidade de mais
de um milhao de habitantes, ninguem vo-lo saberia dizer. Era
um mysterio a sua patria, a sua raca, donde viera. Passava a
vida pelos cemiterios ou nas mesquitas. Para elle o ardor da
canicula, a neve ou as chuvas do inverno eram como se nao existissem.
Raras vezes se via que nao fosse lavado em lagrymas. Fugia das
mulheres como de um objecto de horror. O que, porem, o tornava
geralmente respeitado, ou antes temido, era o dom de prophecia, o
qual ninguem lhe disputava. Mas era um propheta terrivel, porque
as suas prediccoes recahiam unicamente sobre futuros males. No
mesmo dia em que nas fronteiras do imperio os christaos faziam
alguma correria, ou destruiam alguma povoacao, elle annunciava
publicamente o successo nas pracas de Cordova: qualquer membro
da familia numerosa dos Beni-Umeyyas cahia debaixo do punhal de
um assassino desconhecido, na mais remota provincia do imperio,
ainda das do Moghreb ou Mauritania, na mesma hora, no mesmo instante
as vezes, elle o pranteava redobrando os seus choros habituaes.
O terror que inspirava era tal, que no meio do maior tumulto
popular a sua presenca bastava para tudo cair em mortal silencio.
A imaginacao exaltada do povo tinha feito delle um sancto, sancto
como o islamismo os concebia; isto e, um homem cujas palavras
e aspecto gelavam de terror.

Ao passar por elle, Al-barr apertou-lhe a mao, dizendo-lhe em
voz quasi imperceptivel:

"Salvaste-me!"

O fakih deixou-o affastar, e fazendo um gesto de profundo despreso,
murmurou:

"Eu?! Eu teu cumplice, miseravel?!"

Depois, alevantando ambas as maos abertas para o ar, comecou
a agitar os dedos rapidamente, e rindo com um rir sem vontade,
exclamou:

"Pobres titeres!"

Quando se fartou de representar com os dedos a idea de escarneo
que lhe sorria la dentro, dirigiu-se, ao longo do cemiterio,
tambem para as bandas de Cordova, mas por diverso atalho.

[1] Santarem.

[2] Governador do Districto de Saragoca.

[3] Principe real.

[4] O famoso templo de Mekka.

[5] Poema de trinta versos, muito usado entre os arabes,
e que correspondia de certo muilo as nossas odes.

[6] Os reinos christaos alem dos Pyreneus.

[7] Muulin significa o triste.

[8] Fakih ou faquir, especie de frade mendicante entre
os musulmanos.

[9] Sotuko--o andar mais alto. Os nossos escriptores
tomavam esta palavra n'um sentido evidentemente errado, servindo-se
delia para indicar o aposento inferior ou terreo.



II


Nos pacos de Azzahrat, o magnifico alcacar dos kalifas de Cordova,
ha muitas horas que cessou o estrepito de uma grande festa. O
luar de noite serena d'abril bate pelos jardins que se dilatam
desde o alcacar ate o Guad-al-kebir, e alveja tremulo pelas fitas
cinzentas dos caminbos tortuosos, em que parecem enredados os
bosquesinhos de arbustos, os macissos de arvores silvestres, as
veigas de flores, os vergeis embalsamados, onde a larangeira, o
limoeiro, e as demais arvores fructiferas, trazidas da Persia, da
Syria e do Cathay, espalham os aromas variados das suas flores.
La ao longe Cordova, a capital da Hespanha mussulmana, repousa
da lida diurna, porque sabe que Abdu-r-rahman III, o illustre
kalifa, vela pela seguranca do imperio. A vasta cidade repousa
profundamente; e o ruido mal distincto que parece revoar por
cima della, e apenas o respiro lento dos seus largos pulmoes,
o bater regular das suas robustas arterias. Das almadenas de
seiscentas mesquitas nao soa uma unica voz de almuhaden, e os
sinos das igrejas mosarabes guardam tambem silencio. As ruas,
as pracas, os azokes, ou mercados, estao desertos. Somente o
murmurio das novecentas fontes ou banhos publicos, destinados
as ablucoes dos crentes, ajuda o zumbido nocturno da sumptuosa
rival de Bagdad.

Que festa fora essa que expirara algumas horas antes de nascer
a lua, e de tingir com a brancura pallida de sua luz aquelles
dois vultos enormes de Azzahrat e de Cordova, que olhavam um
para o outro, a cinco milhas de distancia, como dois phantasmas
gigantes involtos em largos sudarios? Na manhan do dia que findara,
Al-hakem, o filho mais velho de Abdu-r-rahman, fora associado ao
throno. Os walis, wasires e khatehs da monarchia dos Beni-Umeyyas
tinham vindo reconhece-lo Wali-al-ahdi; isto e, futuro kalifa
do Andalus e do Moghreb. Era uma idea affagada longamente pelo
velho principe dos crentes que se realisara, e o jubilo de
Abdu-r-rahman se havia espraiado n'uma dessas festas, por assim
dizer fabulosas, que so sabia dar no seculo decimo a corte mais
polida da Europa, e talvez do mundo, a do soberano sarraceno
de Hespanha.

O palacio Merwan, juncto dos muros de Cordova, distingue-se a
claridade duvidosa da noite pelas suas formas macissas e
rectangulares, e a sua cor tisnada, bafo dos seculos que entristece
e sanctifica os monumentos, contrasta com a das cupulas aereas e
douradas dos edificios, com a das almadenas esguias e leves das
mesquitas, e com a dos campanarios christaos, cuja tez docemente
pallida suavisa ainda mais o brando raio de luar que se quebra
naquelles estreitos pannos de pedra branca, d'onde nao se reflecte,
mas cabe na terra preguicoso e dormente. Como Azzahrat e como
Cordova, calado e apparentemente tranquillo, o palacio Merwan,
a antiga morada dos primeiros kalifas, suscita ideas sinistras,
emquanto o aspecto da cidade e da villa imperial unicamente inspiram
um sentimento de quietacao e paz. Nao e so a negridao das suas vastas
muralhas a que produz essa apertura do coracao que experimenta
quem o considera assim solitario e carrancudo; e tambem o clarao
avermelhado que resumbra da mais alta das raras frestas abertas
na face exterior da sua torre albarran, a maior de todas as que
o cercam, a que atalaia a campanha. Aquella luz, no ponto mais
elevado do grande e escuro vulto da torre, e como um olho de
demonio, que contempla colerico a paz profunda do imperio, e que
espera ancioso o dia em que renascam as luctas e as devastacoes
de que por mais de dois seculos fora theatro o solo ensanguentado
de Hespanha.

Alguem vela, talvez, no paco de Merwan. No de Azzahrat, posto que
nenhuma luz bruxulee nos centenares de varandas, de miradouros,
de porticos, de balcoes, que lhe arrendam o immenso circuito,
alguem vela por certo.

A sala denominada do Kalifa, a mais espacosa entre tantos aposentos
quantos encerra aquelle rei dos edificios, devera a estas horas
mortas estar deserta, e nao o esta. Dois lampadarios de muitos
lumes pendem dos artesoes primorosamente lavrados, que, cruzando-se
em angulos rectos, servem de moldura ao almofadado de azul e
ouro, que reveste as paredes e o tecto. A agua de fonte perenne
murmura cahindo n'um tanque de marmore construido no centro do
aposento, e no topo da sala ergue-se o throno de Abdu-r-rahman,
alcatifado dos mais ricos tapetes do paiz de Fars. Abdu-r-rahman
esta ahi sosinho. O kalifa passeia de um para outro lado, com
olhar inquieto, e de instante a instante para e escuta, como
se esperasse ouvir um ruido longinquo. No seu gesto e meneios
pinta-se a mais viva anciedade; porque o unico ruido que lhe
fere os ouvidos e o dos proprios passos sobre o xadrez variegado,
que forma o pavimento da immensa quadra. Passado algum tempo,
uma porta, escondida entre os brocados que forram os lados do
throno, abre-se lentamente, e um novo personagem apparece. No rosto
de Abdu-r-rahman, que o ve aproximar, pinta-se uma inquietacao
ainda mais viva.

O recem-chegado offerecia notavel contraste no seu gesto e vestiduras
com as pompas do logar em que se introduzia, e com o aspecto
magestoso de Abdu-r-rahman, ainda bello apesar dos annos e das
cans que comecavam a misturar-se-lhe na longa e espessa barba
negra. Os pes do que entrara apenas faziam um rumor sumido no
chao de marmore. Vinha descalco. A sua aljarabia ou tunica era
de lan grosseiramente tecida, o cincto uma corda de esparto.
Divisava-se-lhe, porem, no despejo do andar e na firmeza dos
movimentos que nenhum espanto produzia nelle aquella magnificencia.
Nao era velho; e todavia a sua tez tostada pelas injurias do tempo
estava sulcada de rugas, e uma orla vermelha circulava-lhe os
olhos, negros, encovados e reluzentes. Chegando ao pe do kalifa,
que ficara immovel, cruzou os bracos e poz-se a contempla-lo
calado. Abdu-r-rahman foi o primeiro em romper o silencio:

"Tardaste muito, e foste menos pontual do que costumas, quando
annuncias a tua vinda a hora fixa, Al-muulin! Uma visita tua
e sempre triste como o teu nome. Nunca entraste a occultas em
Azzahrat senao para me saciares de amargura; mas apesar disso eu
nao deixarei de abencoar a tua presenca, porque Algafir--dizem-no
todos e eu o creio--e um homem de Deus. Que vens annunciar-me,
ou que pretendes de mim?"

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Stranger than fiction: the true story behind Kidnapped

It is a satirist's dream come true. John Crace looks back over a decade of poking fun at clunky plots and dodgy dialogue

I could be the only person who has never forgotten William Sutcliffe's Love Hexagon. It was the first book I ever digested and I'd like to be able to say I'd spent a lot of time selecting it. But it wasn't like that.

A few days earlier I'd been stopped in the corridor by the new editor of the Editor, the Guardian's standalone digest of the week's news (RIP), and asked if I'd like to take over a little-noticed column called the Digested Read. She wandered off before I had time to answer, but she didn't need to hang around. The ­Digested Read is a dream job for any satirist and I would have done it for almost nothing. Come to think of it, I did. But I still needed to choose a book and as I hadn't yet got the hang of ringing publishers, asking to bite the hand that feeds, I went to see the literary editor, who poked around in her cupboard for something she didn't want. So Love Hexagon it was.

I doubt it's much consolation to Sutcliffe now, but I soon realised it was a poor choice. The Digested Read works best with authors who are getting the most media attention in any given week – be they Ian McEwan, JK Rowling, Nigella Lawson or Katie Price – and since that first week, it is a principle to which I have tried to stick.

It's not infallible. Publishers tend to keep their big names for the spring and summer; in these months there's often too much choice and it can be a straight toss-up between JM Coetzee and AS Byatt. At other times of the year, particularly January, the publishing lists are thin and books squeeze in that normally wouldn't get a reading. It happened once with the brother of a well-known author, a mistake for which I've clearly never been forgiven by the victim; a year ago someone kindly directed me to his blog where he continues to regularly rubbish me seven or eight years on. Books do also just get missed. I never gave The Da Vinci Code a second thought when it came out.

Over the last 10 years, the Digested Read has changed locations several times – from the Editor to the main paper to G2 – but the format has remained the same; rewriting a book in 700 words in the style of the author. The primary goal is to entertain – something the book itself has often failed to do – but it's also intended as a (semi-) serious critique, for much of the fun is derived from clunky plot devices that don't work, pretentious stylistic tics, risible dialogue and an absence of big ideas. Literary criticism does not have to be dull to be serious.

Some people object to its cruelty. I have no defence. Satire often is cruel, especially when it's accurate. Here's the thing. I read every word of every book I digest, scribbling notes on the pages as I go along. I can't afford not to because if I get something wrong, I'm stuffed. So you could argue that I show rather more respect for the integrity of an author's work than a reviewer who gives a book the thumbs up after a skim read. And that does happen. I've read reviews of books I've ­digested and can see the critic has only read the blurb, the first few chapters and the ending. But who cares so long as it's a positive review? Certainly not the author or the publisher. You might, though, if you fork out £10 to buy it.

And many authors do seem to "get" the Digested Read. I'm continually delighted – and astonished – by the number of writers who are more generous about my work than I am about theirs and get in touch to say how much they enjoy the column. Especially when it's someone else's books. Some even email to say they've liked what I've done to their own book. That I don't understand. Publishers are also surprisingly complimentary; some authors would be surprised to discover how much their egotism gets up the noses of their editors and publicists. My favourite compliment is this from the New York Times: "The best book-related feature in any of this planet's English-language newspapers." That will go on my gravestone.

No writer has yet – and I'm not keen for a precedent to be created – emailed to tell me they hate me. It would be nice to imagine this was because they all thought I was so wonderful, but I suspect this is wishful thinking. More likely they are maintaining a dignified ­silence, or have their minds on higher matters.

Not that authors don't have their strops. Jilly Cooper moaned to the Daily Telegraph that I had given away the plot of her book. I hadn't been aware there was one; the ­ending was blindingly obvious from about page 20. One award-winning young author had a complete strop after I digested their partner's book, and threatened never to write for the Guardian again; a threat that hasn't been kept.

One last thing. Sometimes I am asked if I enjoy reading. How could I not? Do you ­really imagine the last 10 years have been an extended exercise in masochism? Especially now that I also digest a classic each week. Few books are as good as their publicity – and it's more often than not the difference between hype and reality I try to exploit – but there haven't been many that have had no redeeming qualities.

Reading is, and remains, a pleasure. As does digesting. Edith Wharton's The Age of Innocence is a great book. It's also great to satirise. The two aren't mutually exclusive. So here's to ­another 10 years digesting. If you'll have me.

A complete archive of John Crace's Digested Reads guardian.co.uk/digestedread


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The greatest Russian writer you've never read

From Huck Finn to Holden Caulfield and Humbert Humbert, the novelist provides an entirely trustworthy guide to some of literature's slipperiest characters

Henry Sutton was born in Norfolk in 1963. After training as a journalist he worked for a number of national newspapers and magazines. He is the author of five previous novels, including Gorleston, Flying and Kids' Stuff, and a collection of short stories, Thong Nation. He also teaches creative writing at UEA and lives in Norwich with his family. His new novel, Get Me Out of Here, is published by Harvill Secker.

Buy Henry Sutton books at the Guardian bookshop

"Something strange happened to unreliable narrators in the mid-20th century: they became a little more reliably unreliable, and a lot nastier. In the late-19th century they tended to be untrustworthy either because they were hiding something about themselves or had failed to recognise the truth, generally because of some kind of psychological weakness. However, as modernism shifted into post-modernism and we all became that much more cynical, most narrators were expected to be complicated. Unreliability became inextricably linked with malevolence – not to mention duplicity, delusion, even derangement. Of course, as the parameters stretched, unreliable narrators also became a lot more fun, with humour often countering the blackness. The challenge was to make tricksy first-person characters both intriguing and entertaining."

1. Lolita by Vladimir Nabokov (1955)

Never straight with himself, let alone the ladies and gentlemen of the jury to whom he is ultimately addressing his words, Humbert Humbert arrived halfway through the 20th century, intent on justifying his appalling crime. Nabokov's syntactical genius is the one true triumph.

2. The Turn Of The Screw by Henry James (1898)

Is it a ghost story, or the tragic tale of a young woman undergoing a breakdown? Believing her two young charges are communing with the spirits of her two dead predecessors, the prim governess of Bly House becomes increasingly panic-stricken and erratic, until she's left with a dead boy in her arms.

3. The Heart Of Darkness by Joseph Conrad (1902)

Right at the start we're told that Marlow likes to spin yarns. However, his tale of journeying up the Congo, in search first of ivory, and then the infamous Kurtz, is one of the most powerful stories in literature. Whether his story is strictly faithful becomes irrelevant, as Marlow ends up highlighting the moral corruption at the heart of all humans.

4. Money by Martin Amis (1984)

John Self is one of literature's most repulsively addictive narrators. The book might be subtitled "A Suicide Note", but it is in fact a love story, with Self dreaming up ever more extravagant ways to shed his wedge while pursuing entirely corruptible Selina Street, among others. The fact that Self might never have actually existed, revealed towards the end, is Amis's sly take on the death of the self.

5. American Psycho by Bret Easton Ellis (1991)

Patrick Bateman makes John Self look even more out of shape, when it comes to commenting on the big brands and applying his murderous hands to the unsuspecting and the vulnerable. Yet Ellis's great comment on consumerism and the death of high culture could just be a mirror to our own deluded thoughts, and Bateman nothing more than a sickly funny fantasist.

6. The Killer Inside Me by Jim Thompson (1952)

It was Jim Thompson, not James M Cain, who put the hard into hard-boiled, the noir into roman noir. He was also one of the first crime writers to take us into the heads of seriously twisted killers, if not out-and-out psychopaths. Deputy Sheriff Lou Ford is regarded as a pillar of the small Texan community he serves. Yet he's in possession of a secret he doesn't even admit to himself. When the bodies start to appear, the net slowly tightens.

7. The Catcher in the Rye by JD Salinger (1951)

Classic unreliability when first published in the early 1950s which now looks almost tamely reliable. Of course young Holden Caulfield is anything but clear about what his short, privileged life has already led him to believe – he's a teenager. Naturally everything's phoney, except his beloved sister Phoebe. Though even she is abandoned as Holden loses his fragile grasp on reality.

8. The End Of Alice by AM Homes (1996)

Narrated in the first person by a hyper-intelligent paedophile, and from the third person perspective of a 19-year-old girl with an unhealthy fixation on a much younger boy, Homes's homage to Nabokov didn't just question the nature of desire, but that of literary taste and acceptability. A brutally brave and truly experimental novel that, over here, fell very foul of the Daily Mail.

9. We Need to Talk About Kevin by Lionel Shriver (2003)

Shriver's Orange Prize-winning novel is a postmodern masterclass in unreliability, as the principal theme of nature versus nurture trickles through the slow revelations of exactly what Kevin has done. Told in a series of letters by Kevin's mother, Eva, to her estranged husband, Franklin, the reader is never quite sure of whether it was Eva or Kevin who exhibited the most disturbing behaviour. Franklin, meanwhile, is guilty of chronic denial.

10. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain (1884)

In his search of freedom, as he floats down the Mississippi, Tom Sawyer's best friend "Huck" Finn finds himself travelling out of his rational mind. First published in 1884, Twain himself described his controversial masterpiece, as "... a book of mine where a sound heart and a deformed conscience come into collision and conscience suffers defeat".


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Diagram prize pits worm hunter's afterthoughts against Nazi spoons

An anti-Stalinist author who died in obscurity in 1951 may be the greatest Russian writer of the last century, his English translator Robert Chandler explains to Daniel Kalder

Stalin called him scum. Sholokhov, Gorky, Pasternak, and Bulgakov all thought he was the bee's knees. But when Andrei Platonov died in poverty, misery and obscurity in 1951, no one would have predicted that within half a century he would be a contender for the title as Russia's greatest 20th-century prose stylist. Indeed, his English translator Robert Chandler thinks Platonov's novel The Foundation Pit is so astonishingly good he translated it twice. Set against a backdrop of industrialisation and collectivisation, The Foundation Pit is fantastical yet realistic, funny yet tragic, profoundly moving and yet disturbing. Daniel Kalder caught up with Chandler to talk about why more people should be reading Platonov.

Why did you translate Platonov's Foundation Pit twice?

No other work of literature means so much to me. I translated it together with Geoffrey Smith in 1994 for the Harvill Press, and again in 2009, together with my wife Elizabeth and the American scholar Olga Meerson, for NYRB Classics. There were two reasons for retranslating it. First, the original text was never published in Platonov's lifetime, and the first posthumous publications – on which our Harvill translation was based – were severely bowdlerised. One crucial three-page passage, for example, is entirely missing.

Second, Platonov is hard to translate: in the early 1990s we were working in the dark. During the last 15 years, however, I have regularly attended Platonov seminars and conferences in Moscow and Petersburg. One indication of how deeply many Russian writers and critics admire him is the extent of their generosity to his translators; I now have a long list of people I can turn to for help. Above all, I have the good fortune to have my wife, who shares my love of Platonov, and the brilliant American scholar, Olga Meerson, as my closest collaborators. Olga was brought up in the Soviet Union; she has a fine ear, knows a great deal about Russian Orthodoxy, and has written an excellent book on Platonov. She has deepened my understanding of almost every sentence.

You've argued that Russians will eventually come to recognise Platonov as their greatest prose writer. Given that he's up against titans such as Gogol, Tolstoy and Chekhov this is quite a claim.

Well, it probably sounds less startling to Russians than it does to English and Americans. I've met a huge number of Russian writers and critics who look on Platonov as their greatest prose writer of the last century. In my personal judgment, it was confirmed for me during the last stages of my work on Russian Short Stories from Pushkin to Buida, an anthology of short stories I compiled for Penguin Classics. I worked on this for several years, did most of the translations myself and revised them many times. I read through the proofs with enjoyment – I was still happy with the choices I had made – but there were only two writers whom I was still able to read with real wonder: Pushkin and Platonov. Even at this late stage I was still able to find new and surprising perceptions in Pushkin's The Queen of Spades and Platonov's The Return. This didn't happen with any other writers. 
 
Readers who encounter Platonov for the first time are often struck by his surreality: in the Foundation Pit, for example, a bear staggers through a village denouncing kulaks [supposedly wealthy peasants]. But you've said that almost everything he writes is drawn from reality.

Platonov's stories work on many levels. When I first read his account of the kulaks being sent off down the river on a raft, I thought of it simply as weird. Then I realised that it's one of many examples of Platonov's way of literally realising a metaphor or political cliché; the official directive is to "liquidate" the peasants – and this unfamiliar word is interpreted as meaning that they must be got rid of by means of water.

Many years later I found out that this scene is also entirely realistic. The Siberian Viktor Astafiev wrote in his memoir: "In spring 1932 all the dispossessed kulaks were collected together, placed on rafts and floated off to Krasnoyarsk, and from there to Igarka. When they started loading the rafts, the whole village gathered together. Everyone wept; it was their own kith and kin who were leaving. One person was carrying mittens, another a bread roll, another a lump of sugar." Any educated Russian reading these lines today would at once imagine that they were written by Platonov.

As for the bear, he's drawn from many sources. He is the generally helpful but somewhat dangerous bear of Russian folk tales; he is a representative of the proletariat – strong but inarticulate. As a hammer in a forge, he is linked both to Stalin, whose name means "man of steel" and to Molotov, whose name means "hammerer". He is the tame bear often employed by a village sorcerer. Platonov's bear "denounces" kulaks by stopping outside a hut and roaring; in the late 1920s an ethnographer working in the province of Kaluga recorded the belief that "a clean home, outside which a bear stops of his own accord, not going in but refusing to budge – that home is an unhappy home". And one of Platonov's brothers has written that there really was a tame bear who worked in a local blacksmith's.

Platonov started off as a committed communist, but was appalled by collectivisation and the excesses of Stalinism. Uniquely – unlike others who adopted an oppositional stance, or wrote critiques for the desk drawer – he tried to negotiate a space within Soviet culture in which he could write honestly about what was going on. Is it fair to say that he failed?

I don't think so. Some of the stories he managed to publish – The River Potudan, The Third Son and The Return – are as great, in their more compact and classical way, as the novels he was unable to publish. The Return was viciously criticised, but it was published in a journal with a huge circulation and may well have been read by hundreds of thousands of people. And there is no knowing how important Platonov's example was to younger writers. Vasily Grossman, for example, was a close friend. They met frequently during Platonov's last years and read their work out loud to each other. Grossman gave the main speech at Platonov's funeral. His last stories are very Platonov-like. And Platonov's very last work – the moving, witty versions of Russian folk tales he composed after the war – was included, without acknowledgment, in millions of school textbooks. Platonov was not widely known, but he was widely read. Here again he is in a similar position to Grossman, whose words are carved in granite, in huge letters, on the Stalingrad war memorial, without acknowledgment of his authorship.

Platonov's language is often extremely intimate yet also strange: alienated and alienating. Is he exceptionally difficult to translate? And does he sound more "normal" in the original than in translation?

He is certainly difficult to translate. On the other hand, I've sometimes been surprised by how much of him evidently survives even in a poor translation. I've met people who have been deeply moved after first encountering him in a very poor translation indeed. As for your second question, you need to ask someone who is entirely bilingual and not involved in the work. All I can say myself is that all languages have norms that can be infringed, and that we do our best to infringe English norms just as Platonov infringes Russian norms. It is for you and other readers to judge how much we have succeeded!
 
Sometimes I think you have a secret plan to steer readers away from familiar authors such as Chekhov towards more angular, difficult work such as Platonov, thus reshaping perceptions of 20th-century Russian literature.
 
Well, I'd put it at least a little differently! I love Chekhov's stories as much as anyone, and would especially love to translate The Steppe and A Boring Story. But then Chekhov isn't so very easy or smooth either, though many of his complexities and contradictions are smoothed over in translation. What's certainly true is that I think we have a distorted view of Soviet literature. For many decades it was impossible for a Soviet writer to achieve fame in the west except through a major international scandal. This is what happened with both Pasternak and Solzhenitsyn. Both are important writers, but they are not greater writers than Grossman, Platonov and Shalamov.

Things are changing, however. Grossman is far better known in the west now than he was 10 years ago. Platonov is at least beginning to be noticed – Penelope Fitzgerald and John Berger are two of the English writers who have been quickest to realise his genius. And there is a chance that the Yale University Press will soon be commissioning a complete translation of Shalamov's Kolyma Tales. One more point: we have found it easier in the west to learn to appreciate the 20th-century writers who wrote from outside the Soviet experience. Bulgakov reached adulthood long before the revolution. He was never taken in by it; he looks down on everything Soviet. Grossman, Platonov and Shalamov, however, belong to a generation 10 to 20 years younger. All of them, at least for a while and to some degree, shared the hopes of the revolution. They write from inside the Soviet experience. This perhaps gives them a greater depth and complexity; their work contains no ready-made answers.

• Robert Chandler's new co-translation (in collaboration with his wife and Olga Meerson) of The Foundation Pit will be published in the UK by Vintage Classics later this year.   
 


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