Collected by Carolyn Wells - "A Nonsense Anthology"

Archibald Forbes - "Camps, Quarters, and Casual Places"

Gertrude Atherton - "The Sisters In Law"

Molière [Jean Baptiste Poquelin] - "Don Juan, ou le Festin de pierre"

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Atlantis: The Antideluvian World by Ignatius Donnelly

I >> Ignatius Donnelly >> Atlantis: The Antideluvian World




The Maya I is ### ; this became in time ### ; this developed into
a still simpler form, ### ; and this passed into the Phœnician form, ###
. The Samaritan I was formed thus, ### ; the Egyptian letter
I is ### : gradually in all these the left-hand line was dropped,
and we come to the figure used on the stone of Moab, ### and ### ; this
in time became the old Hebrew ### , or ### ; and this developed into the
Greek ### .

We have seen the complicated symbol for M reduced by the Mayas
themselves into this figure, ### : if we attempt to write this rapidly,
we find it very difficult to always keep the base lines horizontal;
naturally we form something like this, ### : the distinctive figure
within the sign for M in the Maya is ### or ### . We see this
repeated in the Egyptian hieroglyphics for M, ### , and ### , and
### ; and in the Chaldaic M, ### ; and in the Ethiopic ### . We
find one form of the Phœnician where the M is made thus, ### ;
and in the Punic it appears thus, ### ; and this is not unlike the
M on the stone of Moab, ### , or the ancient Phœnician forms ###
, ### , and the old Greek ### , or the ancient Hebrew ### , ### .

The ### , X, of the Maya alphabet is a hand pointing downward ###
, this, reduced to its elements, would be expressed some thing like
this, ### or ### ; and this is very much like the X of the
archaic Phœnician, ### ; or the Moab stone, ### ; or the later Phœnician
### or the Hebrew ### , ### , or the old Greek, ### : the later Greek
form was ### .

The Maya alphabet contains no sign for the letter S; there is,
however, a symbol called CA immediately above the letter
K; it is probable that the sign CA stands for the soft
sound of C, as, in our words CITRON, CIRCLE,
CIVIL, CIRCUS, etc. As it is written in the Maya alphabet
CA, and not K, it evidently represents a different sound.
The sign CA is this, ### . A somewhat similar sign is found in
the body of the symbol for K, thus, ### , this would appear to be
a simplification of CA, but turned downward. If now we turn to
the Egyptian letters we find the sign K represented by this
figure ### , simplified again into ### ; while the sign for K in
the Phœnician inscription on the stone of Moab is ### . If now we turn
to the S sound, indicated by the Maya sign CA, ### , we
find the resemblance still more striking to kindred European letters.
The Phœnician S is ### ; in the Greek this becomes ### ### ; the
Hebrew is ### ### ; the Samaritan, ### . The Egyptian hieroglyph for
S is ### ; the Egyptian letter S is ### ; the Ethiopic,
### ; the Chaldaic, ### ; and the Illyrian S C is ### .

We have thus traced back the forms of eighteen of the ancient letters to
the Maya alphabet. In some cases the pedigree, is so plain as to be
indisputable.

For instance, take the H:

Maya, ### ; old Greek, ### ; old Hebrew, ### ; Phœnician, ### .

Or take the letter O:

Maya, ### ; old Greek, ### ; old Hebrew, ### ; Phœnician, ### .

Or take the letter T:

Maya, ### ; old Greek, ### ; old Phœnician, ### and ### .

Or take the letter Q:

Maya, ### ; old Phœnician, ### and ### ; Greek, ### .

Or take the letter K:

Maya, ### ; Egyptian, ### ; Ethiopian, ### ; Phœnician, ### .

Or take the letter N:

Maya, ### ; Egyptian, ### ; Pelasgian ### , Arcadian, ### ; Phœnician,
### .

Surely all this cannot be accident!

But we find another singular proof of the truth of this theory: It will
be seen that the Maya alphabet lacks the letter D and the letter
R. The Mexican alphabet possessed a D. The sounds D
and T were probably indicated in the Maya tongue by the same
sign, called T in the Landa alphabet. The Finns and Lapps do not
distinguish between these two sounds. In the oldest known form of the
Phœnician alphabet, that found on the Moab stone, we find in the same
way but one sign to express the D and T. D does not
occur on the Etruscan monuments, T being used in its place. It
would, therefore, appear that after the Maya alphabet passed to the
Phœnicians they added two new signs for the letters D and
R; and it is a singular fact that their poverty of invention
seems to have been such that they used to express both D and
R, the same sign, with very little modification, which they had
already obtained from the Maya alphabet as the symbol for B. To
illustrate this we place the signs side by side:

###

It thus appears that the very signs D and R, in the
Phœnician, early Greek, and ancient Hebrew, which are lacking in the
Maya, were supplied by imitating the Maya sign for B; and it is a
curious fact that while the Phœnician legends claim that Taaut invented
the art of writing, yet they tell us that Taaut made records, and
"delivered them to his successors and to foreigners, of whom one was
Isiris (Osiris, the Egyptian god), THE INVENTOR OF THE THREE
LETTERS." Did these three letters include the D and R,
which they did not receive from the Atlantean alphabet, as represented
to us by the Maya alphabet?

In the alphabetical table which we herewith append we have represented
the sign V, or vau, or F, by the Maya sign for U. "In the present
so-called Hebrew, as in the Syriac, Sabæic, Palmyrenic, and some other
kindred writings, the VAU takes the place of F, and indicates the
sounds of V and U. F occurs in the same place also on the
Idalian tablet of Cyprus, in Lycian, also in Tuarik (Berber), and some
other writings." ("American Cyclopædia," art. F.)

Since writing the above, I find in the "Proceedings of the American
Philosophical Society" for December, 1880, p. 154, an interesting
article pointing out other resemblances between the Maya alphabet and
the Egyptian. I quote:

It is astonishing to notice that while Landa's first B is, according to
Valentini, represented by a footprint, and that path and footprint are
pronounced BE in the Maya dictionary, the Egyptian sign for B was
the human leg.

"Still more surprising is it that the H of Landa's alphabet is a tie of
cord, while the Egyptian H is a twisted cord. . . . But the most
striking coincidence of all occurs in the coiled or curled line
representing Landa's U; FOR IT IS ABSOLUTELY IDENTICAL WITH THE
EGYPTIAN CURLED U. The Mayan word for to wind or bend is Uuc; but
why should Egyptians, confined as they were to the valley of the Nile,
and abhorring as they did the sea and sailors, write their U precisely
like Landa's alphabet U in Central America? There is one other
remarkable coincidence between Landa's and the Egyptian alphabets; and,
by-the-way, the English and other Teutonic dialects have a curious share
in it. Landa's D (T) is a disk with lines inside the four quarters, the
allowed Mexican symbol for a day or sun. So far as sound is concerned,
the English day represents it; so far as the form is concerned, the
Egyptian 'cake,' ideograph for (1) country and (2) the sun's orbit is
essentially the same."

It would appear as if both the Phœnicians and Egyptians drew their
alphabet from a common source, of which the Maya is a survival, but did
not borrow from one another. They followed out different characteristics
in the same original hieroglyph, as, for instance, in the letter
B. And yet I have shown that the closest resemblances exist
between the Maya alphabet and the Egyptian signs--in the C,
H, T, I, K, M, N, O,
Q, and S--eleven letters in all; in some cases, as in the
N and K, the signs are identical; the K, in both
alphabets, is not only a serpent, but a serpent with a protuberance or
convolution in the middle! If we add to the above the B and
U, referred to in the "Proceedings of the American Philosophical
Society," we have thirteen letters out of sixteen in the Maya and
Egyptian related to each other. Can any theory of accidental
coincidences account for all this? And it must be remembered that these
resemblances are found between the only two phonetic systems of alphabet
in the world.

Let us suppose that two men agree that each shall construct apart from
the other a phonetic alphabet of sixteen letters; that they shall employ
only simple forms--combinations of straight or curved lines--and that
their signs shall not in anywise resemble the letters now in use. They
go to work apart; they have a multitudinous array of forms to draw from
the thousand possible combinations of lines, angles, circles, and
curves; when they have finished, they bring their alphabets together for
comparison. Under such circumstances it is possible that out of the
sixteen signs one sign might appear in both alphabets; there is one
chance in one hundred that such might be the case; but there is not one
chance in five hundred that this sign should in both cases represent the
same sound. It is barely possible that two men working thus apart should
bit upon two or three identical forms, but altogether impossible that
these forms should have the same significance; and by no stretch of the
imagination can it be supposed that in these alphabets so created,
without correspondence, thirteen out of sixteen signs should be the same
in form and the same in meaning.

It is probable that a full study of the Central American monuments may
throw stronger light upon the connection between the Maya and the
European alphabets, and that further discoveries of inscriptions in
Europe may approximate the alphabets of the New and Old World still more
closely by supplying intermediate forms.

We find in the American hieroglyphs peculiar signs which take the place
of pictures, and which probably, like the hieratic symbols mingled with
the hieroglyphics of Egypt, represent alphabetical sounds. For instance,
we find this sign on the walls of the palace of Palenque, ### ; this is
not unlike the form of the Phœnician T used in writing, ### and
### ; we find also upon these monuments the letter O represented
by a small circle, and entering into many of the hieroglyphs; we also
find the TAU sign (thus ### ) often repeated; also the sign which
we have supposed to represent B, ### ; also this sign, ### ,
which we think is the simplification of the letter K; also this
sign, which we suppose to represent E, ### ; also this figure,
### ; and this ### . There is an evident tendency to reduce the complex
figures to simple signs whenever the writers proceed to form words.

Although it has so far been found difficult, if not impossible, to
translate the compound words formed from the Maya alphabet, yet we can
go far enough to see that they used the system of simpler sounds for the
whole hieroglyph to which we have referred.

Bishop Landa gives us, in addition to the alphabet, the signs which
represent the days and months, and which are evidently compounds of the
Maya letters. For instance, we have this figure as the representative of
the month MOL ### . Here we see very plainly the letter ### for
M, the sign ### for O; and we will possibly find the sign
for L in the right angle to the right of the M sign, and
which is derived from the figure in the second sign for L in the
Maya alphabet.

One of the most ancient races of Central America is the Chiapenec, a
branch of the Mayas. They claim to be the first settlers of the country.
They came, their legends tell us, from the East, from beyond the sea.

And even after the lapse of so many thousand years most remarkable
resemblances have been found to exist between the Chiapenec language and
the Hebrew, the living representative of the Phœnician tongue.

The Mexican scholar, Señor Melgar ("North Americans of Antiquity," p.
475) gives the following list of words taken from the Chiapenec and the
Hebrew:

+----------------------+-------------------+----------------+
| ENGLISH. | CHIAPENEC. | HEBREW. |
+----------------------+-------------------+----------------+
| Son | Been | Ben. |
+----------------------+-------------------+----------------+
| Daughter | Batz | Bath. |
+----------------------+-------------------+----------------+
| Father | Abagh | Abba. |
+----------------------+-------------------+----------------+
| Star in Zodiac | Chimax | Chimah. |
+----------------------+-------------------+----------------+
| King | Molo | Maloc. |
+----------------------+-------------------+----------------+
| Name applied to Adam | Abagh | Abah. |
+----------------------+-------------------+----------------+
| Afflicted | Chanam | Chanan. |
+----------------------+-------------------+----------------+
| God | Elab | Elab. |
+----------------------+-------------------+----------------+
| September | Tsiquin | Tischiri. |
+----------------------+-------------------+----------------+
| More | Chic | Chi. |
+----------------------+-------------------+----------------+
| Rich | Chabin | Chabic. |
+----------------------+-------------------+----------------+
| Son of Seth | Enot | Enos. |
+----------------------+-------------------+----------------+
| To give | Votan | Votan. |
+----------------------+-------------------+----------------+
Thus, while we find such extraordinary resemblances between the Maya
alphabet and the Phœnician alphabet, we find equally surprising
coincidences between the Chiapenec tongue, a branch of the Mayas, and
the Hebrew, a branch of the Phœnician.

Attempts have been repeatedly made by European scholars to trace the
letters of the Phœnician alphabet back to the elaborate hieroglyphics
from which all authorities agree they must have been developed, but all
such attempts have been failures. But here, in the Maya alphabet, we are
not only able to extract from the heart of the hieroglyphic the typical
sign for the sound, but we are able to go a step farther, and, by means
of the inscriptions upon the monuments of Copan and Palenque, deduce the
alphabetical hieroglyph itself from an older and more ornate figure; we
thus not Only discover the relationship of the European alphabet to the
American, but we trace its descent in the very mode in which reason
tells us it must have been developed. All this proves that the
similarities in question did not come from Phœnicians having
accidentally visited the shores of America, but that we have before us
the origin, the source, the very matrix in which the Phœnician alphabet
was formed. In the light of such a discovery the inscriptions upon the
monuments of Central America assume incalculable importance; they take
us back to a civilization far anterior to the oldest known in Europe;
they represent the language of antediluvian times.

It may be said that it is improbable that the use of an alphabet could
have ascended to antediluvian times, or to that prehistoric age when
intercourse existed between ancient Europe and America; but it must be
remembered that if the Flood legends of Europe and Asia are worth
anything they prove that the art of writing existed at the date of the
Deluge, and that records of antediluvian learning were preserved by
those who escaped the Flood; while Plato tells us that the people of
Atlantis engraved their laws upon columns of bronze and plates of gold.

There was a general belief among the ancient nations that the art of
writing was known to the antediluvians. The Druids believed in books
more ancient than the Flood. They styled them "the books of Pheryllt,"
and "the writings of Pridian or Hu." "Ceridwen consults them before she
prepares the mysterious caldron which shadows out the awful catastrophe
of the Deluge." (Faber's "Pagan Idolatry," vol. ii., pp. 150, 151.) In
the first AVATAR of Vishnu we are told that "the divine
ordinances were stolen by the demon Haya-Griva. Vishnu became a fish;
and after the Deluge, when the waters had subsided, he recovered the
holy books FROM THE BOTTOM OF THE OCEAN." Berosus, speaking of
the time before the Deluge, says: "Oannes wrote concerning the
generations of mankind and their civil polity." The Hebrew commentators
on Genesis say, "Our rabbins assert that Adam, our father of blessed
memory, composed a book of precepts, which were delivered to him by God
in Paradise." (Smith's "Sacred Annals," p. 49.) That is to say, the
Hebrews preserved a tradition that the Ad-ami, the people of Ad, or
Adlantis, possessed, while yet dwelling in Paradise, the art of writing.
It has been suggested that without the use of letters it would have been
impossible to preserve the many details as to dates, ages, and
measurements, as of the ark, handed down to us in Genesis. Josephus,
quoting Jewish traditions, says, "The births and deaths of illustrious
men, between Adam and Noah, were noted down at the time with great
accuracy." (Ant., lib. 1, cap. iii., see. 3.) Suidas, a Greek
lexicographer of the eleventh century, expresses tradition when he says,
"Adam was the author of arts and letters." The Egyptians said that their
god Anubis was an antediluvian, and it wrote annals BEFORE the
Flood." The Chinese have traditions that the earliest race of their
nation, prior to history, "taught all the arts of life and wrote books."
"The Goths always had the use of letters;" and Le Grand affirms that
before or soon after the Flood "there were found the acts of great men
engraved in letters on large stones." (Fosbroke's "Encyclopædia of
Antiquity," vol. i., p. 355.) Pliny says, "Letters were always in use."
Strabo says, "The inhabitants of Spain possessed records WRITTEN
BEFORE THE DELUGE." (Jackson's "Chronicles of Antiquity," vol. iii.,
p. 85.) Mitford ("History of Greece," vol. i, p. 121) says, "Nothing
appears to us so probable as that it (the alphabet) was derived from the
antediluvian world."





CHAPTER VIII.
THE BRONZE AGE IN EUROPE.




There exist in Europe the evidences of three different ages of human
development:

1. The Stone Age, which dates back to a vast antiquity. It is subdivided
into two periods: an age of rough stone implements; and a later age,
when these implements were ground smooth and made in improved forms.

2. The Bronze Age, when the great mass of implements were manufactured
of a compound metal, consisting of about nine parts of copper and one
part of tin.

3. An age when iron superseded bronze for weapons and cutting tools,
although bronze still remained in use for ornaments. This age continued
down to what we call the Historical Period, and embraces our present
civilization; its more ancient remains are mixed with coins of the
Gauls, Greeks, and Romans.

The Bronze Period has been one of the perplexing problems of European
scientists. Articles of bronze are found over nearly all that continent,
but in especial abundance in Ireland and Scandinavia. They indicate very
considerable refinement and civilization upon the part of the people who
made them; and a wide diversity of opinion has prevailed as to who that
people were and where they dwelt.

In the first place, it was observed that the age of bronze (a compound
of copper and tin) must, in the natural order of things, have been
preceded by an age when copper and tin were used separately, before the
ancient metallurgists had discovered the art of combining them, and yet
in Europe the remains of no such age have been found. Sir John Lubbock
says ("Prehistoric Times," p. 59), "The absence of implements made
either of copper or tin seems to me to indicate that THE ART OF
MAKING BRONZE WAS INTRODUCED INTO, NOT INVENTED IN, EUROPE." The
absence of articles of copper is especially marked, nearly all the
European specimens of copper implements have been found in Ireland; and
yet out of twelve hundred and eighty-three articles of the Bronze Age,
in the great museum at Dublin, only thirty celts and one sword-blade are
said to be made of pure copper; and even as to some of these there seems
to be a question.

Where on the face of the earth are we to find a Copper Age? Is it in the
barbaric depths of that Asia out of whose uncivilized tribes all
civilization is said to have issued? By no means. Again we are compelled
to turn to the West. In America, from Bolivia to Lake Superior, we find
everywhere the traces of a long-enduring Copper Age; bronze existed, it
is true, in Mexico, but it held the same relation to the copper as the
copper held to the bronze in Europe--it was the exception as against the
rule. And among the Chippeways of the shores of Lake Superior, AND
AMONG THEM ALONE, we find any traditions of the origin of the
manufacture of copper implements; and on the shores of that lake we find
pure copper, out of which the first metal tools were probably hammered
before man had learned to reduce the ore or run the metal into moulds.
And on the shores of this same American lake we find the ancient mines
from which some people, thousands of years ago, derived their supplies
of copper.

IMPLEMENTS AND ORNAMENTS OF THE BRONZE AGE

Sir W. R. Wilde says, "It is remarkable that so few antique copper
implements have been found (in Europe), although a knowledge of that
metal must have been the preliminary stage in the manufacture of
bronze." He thinks that this may be accounted for by supposing that "but
a short time elapsed between the knowledge of smelting and casting
copper ore and the introduction of tin, and the subsequent manufacture
and use of bronze."

But here we have in America the evidence that thousands of years must
have elapsed during which copper was used alone, before it was
discovered that by adding one-tenth part of tin it gave a harder edge,
and produced a superior metal.

The Bronze Age cannot be attributed to the Roman civilization. Sir John
Lubbock shows ("Prehistoric Times," p. 21) that bronze weapons have
never been found associated with Roman coins or pottery, or other
remains of the Roman Period; that bronze articles have been found in the
greatest abundance in countries like Ireland and Denmark, which were
never invaded by Roman armies; and that the character of the
ornamentation of the works of bronze is not Roman in character, and that
the Roman bronze contained a large proportion of lead, which is never
the case in that of the Bronze Age.

It has been customary to assume that the Bronze Age was due to the
Phœnicians, but of late the highest authorities have taken issue with
this opinion. Sir John Lubbock (IBID., p. 73) gives the following
reasons why the Phœnicians could not have been the authors of the Bronze
Age: First, the ornamentation is different. In the Bronze Age "this
always consists of geometrical figures, and we rarely, if ever, find
upon them representations of animals and plants, while on the ornamented
shields, etc., described by Homer, as well as in the decoration of
Solomon's Temple, animals and plants were abundantly represented." The
cuts on p. 242 will show the character of the ornamentation of the
Bronze Age. In the next place, the form of burial is different in the
Bronze Age from that of the Phœnicians. "In the third place, the
Phœnicians, so far as we know them, were well acquainted with the use of
iron; in Homer we find the warriors already armed with iron weapons, and
the tools used in preparing the materials for Solomon's Temple were of
this metal."

This view is also held by M. de Fallenberg, in the "Bulletin de la
Société des Sciences" of Berne. (See "Smithsonian Rep.," 1865-66, p.
383.) He says,

ORNAMENTS OF THE BRONZE AGE

"It seems surprising that the nearest neighbors of the Phœnicians--the
Greeks, the Egyptians, the Etruscans, and the Romans--should have
manufactured PLUMBIFEROUS bronzes, while the Phœnicians carried
to the people of the North only pure bronzes without the alloy of lead.
If the civilized people of the Mediterranean added lead to their
bronzes, it can scarcely be doubted that the calculating Phœnicians
would have done as much, and, at least, with distant and half-civilized
tribes, have replaced the more costly tin by the cheaper metal. . . . On
the whole, then, I consider that the first knowledge of bronze may have
been conveyed to the populations of the period tinder review not only by
the Phœnicians, but by other civilized people dwelling more to the
south-east."

Professor E. Desor, in his work on the "Lacustrian Constructions of the
Lake of Neuchatel," says,

"The Phœnicians certainly knew the use of iron, and it can scarcely be
conceived why they should have excluded it from their commerce on the
Scandinavian coasts. . . . The Etruscans, moreover, were acquainted with
the use of iron as well as the Phœnicians, and it has already been seen
that the composition of their bronzes is different, since it contains
lead, which is entirely a stranger to our bronze epoch. . . . We must
look, then, BEYOND both the Etruscans and Phœnicians in
attempting to identify the commerce of the Bronze Age of our palafittes.
It will be the province of the historian to inquire whether, exclusive
of Phœnicians and Carthaginians, there may not have been some maritime
and commercial people who carried on a traffic through the ports of
Liguria with the populations of the age of bronze of the lakes of Italy
BEFORE THE DISCOVERY OF IRON. We may remark, in passing, that
there is nothing to prove that the Phœnicians were the first navigators.
History, on the Contrary, positively mentions prisoners, under the name
of Tokhari, who were vanquished in a naval battle fought by Rhamses III.
in the thirteenth century before our era, and whose physiognomy,
according to Morton, would indicate the Celtic type. Now there is room
to suppose that if these Tokhari were energetic enough to measure their
strength on the sea with one of the powerful kings of Egypt, they must,
with stronger reason, have been in a condition to carry on a commerce
along the coasts of the Mediterranean, and perhaps of the Atlantic. If
such a commerce really existed before the time of the Phœnicians, it
would not be limited to the southern slope of the Alps; it would have
extended also to the people of the age of bronze in Switzerland. The
introduction of bronze would thus ascend to a very high antiquity,
doubtless beyond the limits of the most ancient European races."

Murder One closing so did we commit this crime?

Barack Obama is teaming up with Spider-Man in a new comic from Marvel, which will see the future president exchanging a fist-bump with Peter Parker's alter ego.

The five-page story takes place in Washington DC on inauguration day, when one of Spidey's oldest enemies, the Chameleon, attempts to stop Obama's swearing-in ceremony. Fortunately, Peter Parker is covering the event as a photographer, and jumps in to save the day.

"Ya hear that, Chameleon? The president-elect here just appointed me ... secretary of shuttin' you up," Spider-Man says as he thwacks the Chameleon in the face. "I hope this doesn't ruin the inauguration for you," he tells Obama, as the Chameleon is led away by security officials. "Honestly, I'm more upset by the Chameleon's shockingly deficient understanding of the electoral process," Obama replies.

Spidey then cedes the limelight to Obama. "This is your day, after all, and I know it wouldn't look good to be seen palling around with me," he says, in a nod to Sarah Palin's comment that the then presidential candidate had been "palling around with terrorists".

The story, written by Zeb Wells and illustrated by Todd Nauck and Frank D'Armata, will appear as a bonus feature in Amazing Spider-Man 583, which goes on sale on 14 January.

"When we heard that president-elect Obama is a collector of Spider-Man comics, we knew that these two historic figures had to meet in our comics' Marvel Universe," said Marvel's editor-in-chief Joe Quesada. "A Spider-Man fan moving into the Oval Office is an event that must be commemorated in the pages of Amazing Spider-Man."

In October, graphic novel biographies of Obama and his then rival John McCain were published by IDW. April will see Michelle Obama appearing in the Female Force comic book series.

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