Manual of Gardening (Second Edition) by L. H. Bailey

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It is at least possible to introduce a variety of trees into a city or
village, by devoting one street or a series of blocks to a single kind
of tree,--one street being known by its lindens, one by its plane-trees,
one by its oaks, one by its hickories, one by its native birches, beech,
coffee-tree, sassafras, gum or liquidambar, tulip tree, and the like.
There is every reason why a city, particularly a small city or a
village, should become to some extent an artistic expression of its
natural region.

The home-maker is fortunate if his area already possesses well-grown
large trees. It may even be desirable to place the residence with
reference to such trees (Plate VI); and the planning of the grounds
should accept them as fixed points to which to work. The operator will
take every care to preserve and safeguard sufficient of the standing
trees to give the place singularity and character.

The care of the tree should include not only the protecting of it from
enemies and accidents, but also the maintaining of its characteristic
features. For example, the natural rough bark should be maintained
against the raids of tree-scrapers; and the grading should not be
allowed to disguise the natural bulge of the tree at the base, for a
tree that is covered a foot or two above the natural line is not only in
danger of being killed, but it looks like a post.

The best shade trees are usually those that are native to the particular
region, since they are hardy and adapted to the soil and other
conditions. Elms, maples, basswoods, and the like are nearly always
reliable. In regions in which there are serious insect enemies or
fungous diseases, the trees that are most likely to be attacked may be
omitted. For instance, in parts of the East the chestnut bark-disease is
a very great menace; and it is a good plan in such places to plant other
trees than chestnuts.

A good shade tree is one that has a heavy foliage and dense head, and
that is not commonly attacked by repelling insects and diseases. Trees
for shade should ordinarily be given sufficient room that they may
develop into full size and symmetrical heads. Trees may be planted as
close as 10 or 15 feet apart for temporary effect; but as soon as they
begin to crowd they should be thinned, so that they develop their full
characteristics as trees.

Trees may be planted in fall or spring. Fall is desirable, except for
the extreme North, if the land is well drained and prepared and if the
trees may be got in early; but under usual conditions, spring planting
is safer, if the stock has been wintered well (see discussion under
Shrubs, p. 290). Planting and pruning are discussed on pp. 124 and 139.

If one desires trees with conspicuous bloom, they should be found among
the magnolias, tulip trees, koelreuteria, catalpas, chestnuts,
horse-chestnut and buckeyes, cladrastis, black or yellow locust, wild
black cherry, and less conspicuously in the lindens; and also in such
half-trees or big shrubs as cercis, cytisus, flowering dogwood,
double-flowered and other forms of apples, crab-apples, cherries, plums,
peaches, hawthorn or crataegus, amelanchier, mountain ash.

Among drooping or weeping trees the best may be found in the willows
_(Salix Babylonica_ and others), maples (Wier's), birch, mulberry,
beech, ash, elm, cherry, poplar, mountain ash.

Purple-leaved varieties occur in the beech, maple, elm, oak, birch, and
others.

Yellow-leaved and tricolors occur in the maple, oak, poplar, elm, beech,
and other species.

Cut-leaved forms are found in birch, beech, maple, alder, oak, basswood,
and others.

_List of hardy deciduous trees for the North._

(The genera are arranged alphabetically. Natives are marked by (A); good
species for shade trees by (D); those recommended by the Experiment
Station at Ottawa, Ontario, by DD)

In a number of the genera, the plants may be shrubby rather than
arboreus in some regions (see the Shrub list), as in acer _(A. Ginnala,
A. spicatum_), aesculus, betula _(B. pumila_), carpinus, castanea (_C.
pumila_), catalpa _(C. ovata_), cercis, magnolia (_M. glauca_
particularly), ostrya, prunus, pyrus, salix, sorbus.

Norway maple, _Acer platanoides._(D, DD) One of the finest medium-sized
trees for single lawn specimens; there are several horticultural
varieties. Var. _Schwedleri_(DD) is one of the best of purple-leaved
trees. The Norway maple droops too much and is too low-headed for
roadside planting.

Black sugar maple, _A. nigrum._(A, DD) Darker and softer in aspect than
the ordinary sugar maple.

Sugar maple, _A. saccharum._(A, DD) This and the last are among the very
best roadside trees.

Silver maple, _A. saccharinum (A. dasycarpum_).(A, DD) Desirable for
water-courses and for grouping; succeeds on both wet and dry lands.

Wier's cut-leaved silver maple, _A. saccharinum_ var. _Wieri._(D, DD)

Light and graceful; especially desirable for pleasure grounds.

Red, soft, or swamp maple, _A. rubrum._(A) Valuable for its spring and
autumn colors, and for variety in grouping.

Sycamore maple, _A. Pseudo-platanus._ A slow grower, to be used mostly
as single specimens. Several horticultural varieties.

English maple, _A. campestre._ A good medium-sized tree of slow growth,
not hardy on our northern borders; see under Shrubs (p. 291).

Japan maple, _A. palmatum (A. polymorphum)_. In many forms, useful for
small lawn specimens; does not grow above 10-20 ft.

Siberian maple, _A. Ginnala._(DD) Attractive as a lawn specimen when
grown as a bush; the autumn color is very bright; small tree or
big shrub.

Mountain maple, _A. spicatum._(A) Very bright in autumn.

Box-elder, _Acer Negundo (Negundo aceroides_ or _fraxinifolium_).(A)(D)
Very hardy and rapid growing; much used in the West as a windbreak, but
not strong in ornamental features.

Horse chestnut, _AEsculus Hippocastanum._(D)(DD) Useful for single
specimens and roadsides; many forms.

Buckeye, _AE. octandra (AE. flava)_(A)(DD)

Ohio buckeye, _AE. glabra_(A)

Red buckeye, _AE. cornea (AE. rubicunda)_.

Ailanthus, _Ailanthus glandulosa._ A rapid grower, with large pinnate
leaves; the staminate plant possesses a disagreeable odor when it
flowers; suckers badly; most useful as a shrub; see the same under
Shrubs (also Fig. 50).

Alder, _Alnus glutinosa._ The var. _imperialis_(DD) is one of the best
cut-leaved small trees.

European birch, _Betula alba._

Cut-leaved weeping birch, _B. alba_ var. _laciniata pendula._(DD)

American white birch, _B. populifolia._(A)

Paper, or canoe birch, _B. papyrifera._(A)

Cherry birch, _B. lenta._ (A)

Well-grown specimens resemble the sweet cherry; both this and the yellow
birch (_B. lutea_(A)) make attractive light-leaved trees; they are not
appreciated.

Hornbeam or blue beech, _Carpinus Americana._(A) Chestnut, _Castanea
saliva_(D) and _C. Americana._(A)(D)

Showy catalpa, _Catalpa speciosa._(D)(DD) Very dark, soft-foliaged tree
of small to medium size; showy in flower; for northern regions should be
raised from northern-grown seed.

Smaller catalpa, _C. bignonioides._(D) Less showy than the last,
blooming a week or two later; less hardy.

Japanese catalpa, _C. ovata_ (_C. Koempferi_).(DD) In northern sections
often remains practically a bush.

Nettle-tree, _Celtis occidentalis._(A)

Katsura-tree, _Cercidiphyllum Japonicum._(DD) A small or medium-sized
tree of very attractive foliage and habit.

Red-bud, or Judas-tree, _Cercis Canadensis._(A) Produces a profusion of
rose-purple pea-like flowers before the leaves appear; foliage also
attractive.

Yellow-wood, or virgilia, _Cladrastis tinctoria._(A) One of the finest
hardy flowering trees.

Beech, _Fagus ferruginea._(A)(D) Specimens which are symmetrically
developed are among our best lawn trees; picturesque in winter.

European beech, _F. sylvatica._(D) Many cultural forms, the
purple-leaved being everywhere known. There are excellent tricolored
varieties and weeping forms.

Black ash, _Fraxinus nigra_ (_F. sambucifolia_).(A)(D) One of the best
of the light-leaved trees; does well on dry soils, although native to
swamps; not appreciated.

White ash, _F. Americana._(A)(D)

European ash, _F. excelsior._(D) There is a good weeping form of this.

Maiden-hair tree, _Ginkgo biloba_ (_Salisburia adiantifolia_).(DD) Very
odd and striking; to be used for single specimens or avenues.

Honey locust, _Gleditschia triacanthos._(A)(D) Tree of striking habit,
with big branching thorns and very large pods; there is also a
thornless form.

Kentucky coffee-tree, _Gymnocladus Canadensis._(A) Light and graceful;
unique in winter.

Bitternut, _Hicoria minima_ (or _Carya amara_).(A) Much like black ash
in aspect; not appreciated.

Hickory, _Hicoria ovata_ (or _Carya_) (A)(D)(DD) and others.

Pecan, _H. Pecan._(A)(D) Hardy in places as far north as New Jersey, and
reported still farther.

Butternut, _Juglans cinerea._(A)

Walnut, _J. nigra._(A)

Varnish-tree, _Koelreuteria paniculata._ A medium-sized tree of good
character, producing a profusion of golden-yellow flowers in July;
should be better known.

European larch, _Larix decidua (L. Europoea_).(DD)

American larch or tamarack, _L. Americana._(A)

Gum-tree, sweet gum, _Liquidambar styraciflua._(A)(D) A good tree,
reaching as far north as Connecticut, and hardy in parts of western New
York although not growing large; foliage maple-like; a characteristic
tree of the South.

Tulip tree or whitewood, _Liriodendron Tulipifera._(A)(D) Unique in
foliage and flower and deserving to be more planted.

Cucumber tree, _Magnolia acuminata._(A)(D) Native in the Northern
states; excellent.

White bay-tree, _M. glauca._(A)(D) Very attractive small tree, native
along the coast to Massachusetts; where not hardy, the young growth each
year is good.

Of the foreign magnolias hardy in the North, two species and one group
of hybrids are prominent: _M. stellata_ (or _M. Halleana_) and _M.
Yulan_ (or _M. conspicua),_ both white-flowered, the former very early
and having 9-18 petals and the latter (which is a larger tree) having
6-9 petals; _M. Soulangeana,_ a hybrid group including the forms known
as _Lennei, nigra, Norbertiana, speciosa, grandis._ All these magnolias
are deciduous and bloom before the leaves appear.

Mulberry, _Morus rubra._(A)

White mulberry, _M. alba._

Russian mulberry, _M. alba_ var. _Tatarica._ Teas' weeping mulberry is a
form of the Russian.

Pepperidge or gum-tree, _Nyssa sylvatica_(A) One of the oddest and most
picturesque of our native trees; especially attractive in winter;
foliage brilliant red in autumn; most suitable for low lands.

Iron-wood, hop hornbeam, _Ostrya Virginica._(A) A good small tree, with
hop-like fruits.

Sourwood, sorrel-tree, _Oxydendrum arboreum._(A) Interesting small tree
native from Pennsylvania in the high land south, and should be reliable
where it grows wild.

Plane or buttonwood, _Platanus occidentalis_(A)(D)(DD) Young or
middle-aged trees are soft and pleasant in aspect, but they soon become
thin and ragged below; unique in winter.

European plane-tree, _P. orientalis._(D) Much used for street planting,
but less picturesque than the American; several forms.

Aspen, _Populus tremuloides,_(A) Very valuable when well grown; too much
neglected (Fig. 33). Most of the poplars are suitable for pleasure
grounds, and as nurses for slower growing and more emphatic trees.

Large-toothed aspen, _P. grandidentata._(A) Unique in summer color;
heavier in aspect than the above; old trees become ragged.

Weeping poplar, _P. grandidentata,_ var. _pendula._ An odd, small tree,
suitable for small places, but, like all weeping trees, likely to be
planted too freely.

Cottonwood, _P. deltoides_ (_P. monilifera_).(A) The staminate
specimens, only, should be planted if possible, as the cotton of the
seed-pods is disagreeable when carried by winds; var. _aurea_(DD) is one
of the good golden-leaved trees.

Balm of Gilead, _P. balsamifera_(A) and var. _candicans._(A) Desirable
for remote groups or belts. Foliage not pleasant in color.

Lombardy poplar, _P. nigra,_ var. _Italica._

Desirable for certain purposes, but used too indiscriminately, it is
likely to be short-lived in northern climates.

White poplar, abele, _P. alba._

Sprouts badly; several forms.

Bolle's poplar, _P. alba,_ var. _Bolleana._

Habit much like the Lombardy; leaves curiously lobed, very white
beneath, making a pleasant contrast.

Certinensis poplar, _P. laurifolia_ (_P. Certinensis_).

A very hardy Siberian species, much like _P. deltoides,_ useful for
severe climates.

Wild black cherry, _Prunus serotina._(A)

European bird cherry, _Prunus Padus._

A small tree much like the choke cherry, but a freer grower, with larger
flowers, and racemes which appear about a week later.

Choke cherry, _P. Virginiana._(A)

Very showy while in flower.

Purple plum, _Prunus cerasifera,_ var. _atropurpurea_ (var. _Pissardi_).

One of our most reliable purple-leaved trees.

Rose-bud cherry, _P. pendula_ (_P. subhirtella_).

A tree of drooping habit and beautiful rose-pink flowers preceding the
leaves.

Japanese flowering cherry, _P. Pseudo-Cerasus._

In many forms, the famous flowering cherries of Japan, but not reliable
North.

There are ornamental-flowered peaches and cherries, more curious and
interesting than useful.

Wild crab, _Pyrus coronaria_(A) and _P. Ioensis._(A)

Very showy while in flower, blooming after apple blossoms have fallen;
old specimens become picturesque in form. _P. Ioensis flore pleno_(DD)
(Bechtel's Crab) is a handsome double form.

Siberian crab, _P. baccata._(DD) Excellent small tree, both in flower
and fruit.

Flowering crab, _Pyrus floribunda._ Pretty both in flower and fruit; a
large shrub or small tree; various forms.

Hall's crab, _P. Halliana_ (_P. Parkmani_). One of the best of the
flowering crabs, particularly the double form. Various forms of
double-flowering apple are on the market.

Swamp white oak, _Quercus bicolor._(A)(D) A desirable tree, usually
neglected; very picturesque in winter.

Bur oak, _Q. macrocarpa._(A)(D)

Chestnut oak, _Q. Prinus,_(A)(D) and especially the closely related _Q.
Muhlenbergii_ (or _Q. acuminata_).(A)(D)

White oak, _Q. alba_(A)(D)

Shingle oak, _Q. imbricaria._(A)(D)

Scarlet oak, _Q. coccinea._(A)(D) This and the next two are
glossy-leaved, and are desirable for bright planting.

Black oak, _Q. velutina_ (_Q. tinctoria_).(A)(D)

Red oak, _Q. rubra._(A)(D)(DD)

Pin oak, _Q. palustris._(A)(D) Excellent for avenues; transplants well.

Willow oak, _Q. Phellos_(A)

English oak, _Q. Robur._ Many forms represented by two types, probably
good species, _Q. pedunculata_ (with stalked acorns) and _Q.
sessiliflora_ (with stalkless acorns). Some of the forms are reliable in
the Northern states.

The oaks are slow growers and usually transplant with difficulty.
Natural specimens are most valuable. A large well-grown oak is one of
the grandest of trees.

Locust, _Robinia Pseudacacia._(A)(D) Attractive in flower; handsome as
single specimens when young; many forms; used also for hedges.

Peach-leaved willow, _Salix amygdaloides._(A) Very handsome small tree,
deserving more attention. This and the next valuable in low places or
along water-courses.

Black willow, _S. nigra._(A)

Weeping willow, _S. Babylonica._

To be planted sparingly, preferably near water; the sort known as the
Wisconsin weeping willow appears to be much hardier than the common
type; many forms.

White willow, _S. alba,_ and various varieties, one of which is the
Golden willow.

Tree willows are most valuable, as a rule, when used for temporary
plantations or as nurses for better trees.

Laurel-leaved willow, _S. laurifolia_(DD)

A small tree used in cold regions for shelter-belts; also a good
ornamental tree. See also under Shrubs.

Sassafras, _Sassafras officinalis._(A)(D)

Suitable in the borders of groups or for single specimens; peculiar in
winter; too much neglected.

Rowan or European mountain ash, _Sorbus Aucuparia_ (_Pyrus
Aucuparia_).(DD)

Service-tree, _S. domestica._

Fruit handsomer than that of the mountain ash and more persistent; small
tree.

Oak-leaved mountain ash, _S. hybrida_ (_S. quercifolia_).

Small tree, deserving to be better known.

Bald cypress, _Taxodium distichum._(A)

Not entirely hardy at Lansing, Mich.; often becomes scraggly after
fifteen or twenty years, but a good tree; many cultural forms.

American linden or basswood, _Tilia Americana._(A)(D)

Very valuable for single trees on large lawns, or for roadsides.

European linden, _T. vulgaris_ and _T. platyphyllos_ (_T. Europaea_ of
nurserymen is probably usually the latter).(D)

Has the general character of the American basswood.

European silver linden, _T. tomentosa_ and varieties.(D)

Very handsome; leaves silvery white beneath; among others is a weeping
variety.

American elm, _Ulmus Americana._(A)(D)

One of the most graceful and variable of trees; useful for many purposes
and a standard street tree.

Cork elm, _U. racemosa._(A) Softer in aspect than the last, and more
picturesque in winter, having prominent ridges of bark on its branches;
slow grower.

Red or slippery elm, _U. fulva._(A) Occasionally useful in a group or
shelter-belt; a stiff grower.

English elm, _U. campestris,_ and Scotch or wych elm, _U. scabra_ (_U.
mantana_). Often planted, but are inferior to _U. Americana_ for street
planting, although useful in collections. These have many
horticultural forms.

_Non-coniferous trees for the South._

Among deciduous trees for the region of Washington and south may be
mentioned: Acer, the American and European species as for the North;
_Catalpa bignonioides_ and especially _C. speciosa;_ celtis; cercis,
both American and Japanese; flowering dogwood, profusely native; white
ash; ginkgo; koelreuteria; sweet gum (liquidambar); American linden;
tulip tree; magnolias much as for the North; China-berry (_Melia
Azedarach_); Texas umbrella-tree (var. _umbraculiformis_ of the
preceding); mulberries; oxydendrum; paulownia; oriental plane-tree;
native oaks of the regions; _Robinia Pseudacacia;_ weeping willow;
_Sophora Japonica; Sterculia platanifolia;_ American elm.

Broad-leaved evergreens of real tree size useful for the South may be
found among the cherry laurels, magnolias, and oaks. Among the cherry
laurels are: Portugal laurel (_Prunus Lusitanica_), English cherry
laurel in several forms (_P. Laurocerasus_), and the "mock-orange" or
"wild orange" (_P. Caroliniana_). In magnolia, the splendid _M.
grandiflora_ is everywhere used. In oaks, the live-oak (_Quercus
Virginiana,_ known also as _Q. virens_ and _Q. sempervirens_) is the
universal species. The cork oak (_Q. Suber_) is also recommended.

[Illustration XVI: The flower-garden of China asters with border, one
of the dusty millers _(Centaurea)._]

8. CONIFEROUS EVERGREEN SHRUBS AND TREES

In this country the word "evergreen" is understood to mean coniferous
trees with persistent leaves, as pines, spruces, firs, cedars, junipers,
arborvitae, retinosporas, and the like. These trees have always been
favorites with plant lovers, as they have very distinctive forms and
other characteristics. Many of them are of the easiest culture.

It is a common notion that, since spruces and other conifers grow so
symmetrically, they will not stand pruning; but this is an error. They
may be pruned with as good effect as other trees, and if they tend to
grow too tall, the leader may be stopped without fear. A new leader will
arise, but in the meantime the upward growth of the tree will be
somewhat checked, and the effect will be to make the tree dense. The
tips of the branches may also be headed in with the same effect. The
beauty of an evergreen lies in its natural form; therefore, it should
not be sheared into unusual shapes, but a gentle trimming back, as I
suggested, will tend to prevent the Norway spruce and others from
growing open and ragged. After the tree attains some age, 4 or 5 in. may
be taken off the ends of the main branches every year or two (in spring
before growth begins) with good results. This slight trimming is
ordinarily done with Waters's long-handled pruning shears.

There is much difference of opinion as to the proper time for the
transplanting of evergreens, which means that there is more than one
season in which they may be moved. It is ordinarily unsafe to transplant
them in the fall in northern climates or bleak situations, since the
evaporation from the foliage during the winter is likely to injure the
plant. The best results are usually secured in spring or summer
planting. In spring they may be moved rather late, just as new growth is
beginning. Some persons also plant them in August or early September, as
the roots secure a hold on the soil before winter. In the Southern
states transplanting may be done at most times of the year, but late
fall and early spring are usually advised.

In transplanting conifers, it is very important that the roots be not
exposed to the sun. They should be moistened and covered with burlaps or
other material. The holes should be ready to receive them. If the trees
are large, or if it has been necessary to trim in the roots, the top
should be cut when the tree is set.

Large evergreens (those 10 ft. and more high) are usually best
transplanted late in winter, at a time when a large ball of earth may be
moved with them. A trench is dug around the tree, it being deepened a
little day by day so that the frost can work into the earth and hold it
in shape. When the ball is thoroughly frozen, it is hoisted on to a
stone-boat or truck (Fig. 148) and moved to its new position.

Perhaps the handsomest of all the native conifers of the northeastern
United States is the ordinary hemlock, or hemlock spruce (the one so
much used for lumber); but it is usually difficult to move. Transplanted
trees from nurseries are usually safest. If the trees are taken from the
wild, they should be selected from open and sunny places.

For neat and compact effects near porches and along walks, the dwarf
retinosporas are very useful.

Most of the pines and spruces are too coarse for planting very close to
the residence. They are better at some distance removed, where they
serve as a background to other planting. If they are wanted for
individual specimens, they should be given plenty of room, so that the
limbs will not be crowded and the tree become misshapen. Whatever else
is done to the spruces and firs, the lower limbs should not be trimmed
up, at least not until the tree has become so old that the lowest
branches die. Some species hold their branches much longer than others.
The oriental spruce (_Picea orientalis_) is one of the best in this
respect. The occasional slight heading-in, that has been mentioned,
will tend to preserve the lower limbs, and it will not be marked enough
to alter the form of the tree.

The number of excellent coniferous evergreens now offered in the
American trade is large. They are slow of growth and require much room
if good specimens are to be obtained; but if the space can be had and
the proper exposure secured, no trees add greater dignity and
distinction to an estate. Reliable comments on the rarer conifers may be
found in the catalogues of the best nurserymen.

_List of shrubby conifers._

The following list contains the most usual of the shrub-like coniferous
evergreens, with (A) to mark those native to this country. The (DD) in
this and the succeeding list marks those species that are found to be
hardy at Ottawa, Ontario, and are recommended by the Central
Experimental Farm of Canada.

Dwarf arborvitae, _Thuja occidentalis._(A)

There are many dwarf and compact varieties of arborvitae, most of which
are excellent for small places. The most desirable for general purposes,
and also the largest, is the so-called Siberian. Other very desirable
forms are those sold as _globosa, ericoides, compacta,(DD) Hovey,(DD)
Ellwangeriana,(DD) pyramidalis,(DD) Wareana_ (or _Sibirica_),(DD) and
_aurea Douglasii._(DD)

Japanese arborvitae or retinospora, _Chamoecyparis_ of various species.

Retinosporas(DD) under names as follows: _Cupressus ericoides,_ 2 ft.,
with fine soft delicate green foliage that assumes a purplish tinge in
winter; _C. pisifera,_ one of the best, with a pendulous habit and
bright green foliage; _C. pisifera_ var. _filifera,_ with drooping
branches and thread-like pendulous branches; _C. pisifera_ var.
_plumosa,_ more compact than _P. pisifera_ and feathery; var. _aurea_ of
the last, "one of the most beautiful golden-leaved evergreen shrubs in
cultivation."

Juniper, _Juniperus communis_(A) and garden varieties.

The juniper is a partially trailing plant, of loose habit, suitable for
banks and rocky places. There are upright and very formal varieties of
it, the best being those sold as var. _Hibernica (fastigiata)_,(DD)
"Irish juniper," and var. _Suecica,_ "Swedish juniper." Northern
juniper, _J. Sabina,_ var. _prostrata_(A) One of the best of the low,
diffuse conifers; var. _tamariscifolia,_(DD) 1-2 ft.

Chinese and Japanese junipers in many forms, _J. Chinensis._

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