The Notebooks of Leonardo Da Vinci, Complete by Leonardo Da Vinci

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'On warfare' [Footnote 4:Il Vegezio?... Il Frontino?,.. Il Cornazzano?...
Noi crediamo piuttosto il Valturio. Questo libro doveva
essere uno de'favoriti di Leonardo poiche libro di scienza e d'arte nel tempo stesso.]'Epistles of Filelfo',

[Footnote: The late Marchese Girolamo d'Adda published
a highly valuable and interesting disquisition on this
passage under the title: Leonardo da Vinci e la sua
Libreria, note di un bibliofilo (Milano 1873. Ed. di soli
75 esemplari; privately printed). In the autumn of
1880 the Marchese d'Adda showed me a considerable mass of additional notes prepared for a second
edition. This, as he then intended, was to come
out after the publication of this work of mine. After
the much regretted death of the elder Marchese, his
son, the Marchese Gioachino d'Adda was so liberal
as to place these MS. materials at my disposal for
the present work, through the kind intervention of
Signor Gustavo Frizzoni. The following passages,
with the initials G. d'A. are prints from the valuable
notes in that publication, the MS. additions I have
marked*. I did not however think myself justified
in reproducing here the acute and interesting
observations on the contents of most of the rare books
here enumerated.]

****below must belong to previous page's footnotes***
observations that follow refer to events of the previous month 'of last year' (dell' anno passato). Leonardo
cannot therefore have written thus in Florence where
the year was, at that period, calculated as beginning
in the month of March (see Vol. I, No. 4, note 2).
He must then have been in Milan. What is more
important is that we thus learn how to date the
beginning of the year in all the notes written at
Milan. This clears up Uzielli's doubts: A Milano
facevasi cominciar l'anno ab incarnatione, cioe il 25
Marzo e a nativitate, cioe il 25 Decembre. Ci sembra
probabile che Leonardo dovesse prescegliere lo stile che era in uso a Firenze. (Ricerche, p. 84, note.)

1467. 5. See No. 1465, 2.
****Above must belong to previous page's footnotes***

The first decade, [5] 'On the preservation of health',
The third decade, [6] Ciecho d'Ascoli,
The fourth decade, [7] Albertus Magnus,
Guido, [8] New treatise on rhetorics,
Piero Crescentio, [9] Cibaldone,
'Quadriregio', [10] AEsop,

*** IGNORE FOOTNOTES FOR THIS PAGE - Project Manager *** Donato, [Footnote 11:
"_Donatus latine & italice: Impressum Venetiis impensis
Johannis Baptistae de Sessa anno_ 1499, _in_-4deg.*".--
"El Psalterio de David in lingua volgare (da Malermi
Venetia nel M.CCCC.LXXVI," in-fol. s. n._ (G. D'A.)]
Psalms,

Justinus, [Footnote 12:
Compare No. 1210, 48.--_La versione di Girolamo
Squarzafico: "Il libro di Justino posto diligentemente in
materna lingua. Venetia ale spesse (sic) di Johane de Colonia
& Johane Gheretze_ ... l477," _in-fol._--"_Marsilii Ficini, Theologia
platonica, sive de animarum immortalitate, Florentine,
per Ant. Misconimum_ 1482," _in-fol., ovvero qualche versione
italiana di questo stesso libro, ms._ (G. D'A.)]
'On the immortality of
the soul,

Guido [Footnote 13:
_Forse "la Historia Trojana Guidonis" od il "manipulus"
di "Guido da Monterocherii" ma piu probabilmente
"Guido d'Arezzo" il di cui libro: "Micrologus, seu disciplina
artis musicae" poteva da Leonardo aversi ms.; di
questi ne esistono in molto biblioteche, e fu poi impresso
nel 1784 dal Gerbert._

_Molte sono le edizione dei sonetti di Burchiello Fiorentino,
impresse nel secolo XV. La prima e piu rara e
recercata: "Incominciano li sonetti, ecc. (per Christoforo
Arnaldo)", in_-4deg.* _senza numeri, richiami o segnature, del_
1475, _e fors' anche del_ 1472, _secondo Morelli e Dibdin, ecc._
(G. D'A.)]
Burchiello,

'Doctrinale' [Footnote 14:
_Versione italiana det "Doctrinal de Sapience"
di Guy de Roy, e foris'anche l'originale in lingua
francese.--_

_Di Pulci Luigi, benche nell' edizione:_ "_Florentiae_ 1479"
_in_-4deg.* si dica: "Il Driadeo composto in rima octava per
Lucio Pulcro" Altre ediz, del secolo XV, "Florentie Miscomini_
1481, _in_-40*, _Firenze, apud S. Jacob, de Ripoli,_ 1483,"
_in_-4deg.* _e "Antoni de Francesco,_ 1487," _in_-4deg.* _e Francesco
di Jacopo_ 1489,_in_-4deg.* _ed altre ancora di Venezia e senza
alcuna nota ecc._ (G. D'A.)]
Driadeo,

Morgante [Footnote 15:
_Una delle edizioni del Morgante impresse nel secolo
XV, ecc.--_

_Quale delle opere di Francesco Petrarca, sarebbe malagevole
l'indovinare, ma probabilmente il Canzoniere._
(G. D'A.)]
Petrarch.

John de Mandeville [Footnote 16:
_Sono i viaggi del cavaliere_ "_Mandeville_" _gentiluomo
inglese. Scrisse il suo libro in lingua francese.
Fu stampato replicatamente nel secolo XV in francese, in
inglese ed in italiano * ed in tedesco; del secolo XV ne
annoverano forse piu di 27 edizioni, di cui ne conosciamo_
8 _in francese, quattro in latino, sei in tedesco e molte altre
in volgare._ (G. D'A.)]

'On honest recreation' [Footnote 17:
_Il Platina (Bartolomeo Sacchi) la versione italiana_
"_de la honesta voluptate, & valetudine (& de li obsonnii)
Venetia (senza nome di tipografo)_ 1487," _piccolo in_-4deg.*
_gotico._ (G. D'A.)--Compare No. 844, 21.]

Manganello, [Footnote 18:
_Il Manganello: Satira eccessivamente vivace contro
le donne ad imitazione della Sesta di Giovenale. Manganello
non e soltanto il titolo del libricino, sua ben anche
il nome dell'autore ch'era un_ "_milanese_". _Di questo libercolo
rarissimo, che sembra impresso a Venezia dallo
Zoppino (Nicolo d'Aristotile detto il), senza data, ma dei
primissimi anni del secolo XVI, e forse piu antico, come
vedremo in appresso, non se ne conoscono fra biblioteche
pubbliche e private che due soli esemplari in Europa._
(G. D'A.)]

The Chronicle of Isidoro, [Footnote 19:
"_Cronica desidero_", _sembra si deggia leggere piuttosto_
"_cronico disidoro_"_; ed in questo caso s'intenderebbe la_
"_cronica d'Isidoro_" _tanto in voga a quel tempo_ "_Comenza
la Cronica di Sancto Isidoro menore con alchune additione
cavate del testo & istorie de la Bibia & del libro di Paulo
Oroso .... Impresso in Ascoli in casa del reverendo
misser Pascale ..... per mano di Guglielmo de Linis
de Alamania M.CCCC.LXXVII_" _in_-40* _di_ 157 _ff. E il
primo libro impresso ad Ascoli e l'edizione principe di
questa cronica in oggi assai rara. Non lo e meno l'edizione
di Cividal del Friuli_, 1480, _e quella ben anche di
Aquila_, 1482, _sempre in-_40. _Vedasi Panzer, Hain, Brunet
e P. Dechamps._ (G. D'A.)]

The Epistles of Ovid, [Footnote 20:
"_Le pistole di Ovidio tradotte in prosa. Napoli
Sixt. Riessinger_", _in_-40*, _oppure:_ "_Epistole volgarizzate_
1489," _in_-40* _a due col._ "_impresse ne la cita (sic) di Bressa
per pre: Baptista de Farfengo,_" _(in ottave) o:_ "_El libro
dele Epistole di Ovidio in rima volgare per messere Dominico
de Monticelli toschano. Brescia Farfengo_," _in_-4deg.*
_got. (in rima volgare)_, 1491, _ed anche la versione di Luca
Pulci. Firenze, Mischomini_, 1481, _in_-4deg.*. (G. D'A.) ]

Epistles of Filelfo, [Footnote 21: See l. 4.]

Sphere, [Footnote 22: "_Jo: de Sacrobusto_,"
_o_ "_Goro Dati_," _o_ "_Tolosano da
Colle_" _di cui molteplici edizioni del secolo XV._ (G. D'A.)]

*_nello da Streno,_ 1497, _in_-4deg.*, _ecc., o piu probabilmente:
"Aesopi" vita & fabula' latine cum versione italica &
allegoriis Fr. Tuppi impressae, Napoli,_ 1483," _in-fol., rara
edizione ornata di belle vignette incise in legno. Questo
Esopo e anche libro di novelle. Nel Catalogo Cicognara
abbiamo una minuta descrizione di questo rarissimo volume._ (G. D'A.)
The Jests of Poggio [Footnote 23:
_Tre edizioni delle facezie del Poggio abbiamo in
lingua italiana della fine del secolo XV, tutte senza data._
"_Facetie de Poggio fiorentino traducte de latino in vulgare
ornatissimo,_" _in_-4deg.*, _segn. a--e in caratteri romani; l'altra:
"_Facetie traducte de latino in vulgare,_" _in_-4deg.*, _caratteri
gotici, ecc._ (G. D'A.)
]
Chiromancy, [Footnote 24:
*"_Die Kunst Cyromantia etc, in tedesco._ 26 _ff. di
testo e figure il tutte eseguito su tavole di legno verso la
fine del secolo XV da Giorgio Schapff_". _Dibdin, Heinecken,
Sotheby e Chatto ne diedero una lunga descrizione; i primi
tre accompagnati da fac-simili. La data_ 1448 _che si legge
alla fine del titolo si riferisce al periodo della composizione
del testo, non a quello della stampa del volume benche
tabellario. Altri molti libri di Chiromanzia si conoscono di
quel tempo e sarebbe opera vana il citarli tutti._ (G. D'A.)]

Formulary of letters, [Footnote 25:
_Miniatore Bartolomeo._ "_Formulario de epistole vulgare
missive e responsive, & altri fiori de ornali parlamenti
al principe Hercule d'Esti ecc. composto ecc. Bologna
per Ugo di Rugerii,_" _in_-4deg.*, _del secolo XV, Altra
edizione di "Venetia Bernardino di Novara_, 1487" _e _"_Milano
per Joanne Angelo Scinzenzeler_ 1500," _in_-4deg.*. (G. D'A.)

Five books out of this list are noted by Leonardo
in another MS. (Tr. 3): _donato,--lapidario,--plinio,
--abacho,--morgante._
]

1470.

Nonius Marcellus, Festus Pompeius, Marcus Varro.

[Footnote: Nonius Marcellus and Sextus Pompeius Festus
were Roman grammarians of about the fourth century
A. D. Early publications of the works of Marcellus
are: _De proprietate sermonis, Romae_ (about 1470),
and 1471 (place of publication unknown). _Compendiosa
doctrina, ad filium, de proprietate sermonum._ Venice,
1476. BRUNET, _Manuel du libraire_ (IV, p. 97)
notes: _Le texte de cet ancien grammairien a ete reimprime
plusieurs fois a la fin du XVe siecle, avec ceux de Pomponius
Festus et de Terentius Varro. La plus ancienne
edition qui reunisse ces trois auteurs est celle de Parme_,
1480 ... _Celles de Venise_, 1483, 1490, 1498, _et de
Milan_, 1500, _toutes in-fol,, ont peli de valeur._]

1471.

Map of Elephanta in India which Antonello
Merciaio has from maestro Maffeo;--there for
seven years the earth rises and for seven
years it sinks;--Enquire at the stationers
about Vitruvius.

1472.

See 'On Ships' Messer Battista, and Frontinus
'On Acqueducts' [Footnote 2: 2. _Vitruvius de Arch., et Frontinus de Aquedoctibus._
Florence, l5l3.--This is the earliest edition of
Frontinus.--The note referring to this author thus
suggests a solution of the problem of the date of
the Leicester Manuscript.].

[Footnote: Compare No. 1113, 25.]

1473.

Anaxagoras: Every thing proceeds from
every thing, and every thing becomes every
thing, and every thing can be turned into
every thing else, because that which exists in
the elements is composed of those elements.
**Wrong text!

1474-

The Archimedes belonging to the Bishop
of Padua.

1475-

Archimedes gave the quadrature of a poly-
gonal figure, but not of the circle. Hence
Archimedes never squared any figure with
curved sides. He squared the circle minus
the smallest portion that the intellect can
conceive, that is the smallest point visible.

1476.

If any man could have discovered the
utmost powers of the cannon, in all its
various forms and have given such a secret
to the Romans, with what rapidity would
they have conquered every country and have
vanquished every army, and what reward could
have been great enough for such a service!
Archimedes indeed, although he had greatly
damaged the Romans in the siege of Syra-
cuse, nevertheless did not fail of being offered
great rewards from these very Romans; and
when Syracuse was taken, diligent search was
made for Archimedes; and he being found
dead greater lamentation was made for him
by the Senate and people of Rome than if
they had lost all their army; and they
did not fail to honour him with burial and
with a statue. At their head was Marcus
Marcellus. And after the second destruction
of Syracuse, the sepulchre of Archimedes was
found again by Cato[25], in the ruins of a
temple. So Cato had the temple restored and
the sepulchre he so highly honoured....
Whence it is written that Cato said that he
was not so proud of any thing he had done
as of having paid such honour to Archimedes.

1474. See No. 1421, 1. 3, 6 and Vol. I, No. 343.

1475. Compare No. 1504.

1476. Where Leonardo found the statement that
Cato had found and restored the tomb of Archi-
medes, I do not know. It is a merit that Cicero
claims as his own (Tusc. V, 23) and certainly with
a full right to it. None of Archimedes' biographers
-not even the diligent Mazzucchelli, mentions any
version in which Cato is named. It is evidently a

slip of the memory on Leonardo's part. Besides,
according to the passage in Cicero, the grave was
not found 'nelle mine ffun tempio'-which is highly
improbable as relating to a Greek-but in an open
spot (H. MULLER-STROBING).--See too, as to Archi-
medes, No. 1417.

Leonardo says somewhere in MS. C.A.: Archi-

tronito e una macchina di fino rame, invenzlon d* Archi-
mede (see 'Saggiol, p. 20).
I.2 82b]

1477.

Aristotle, Book 3 of the Physics, and
Albertus Magnus, and Thomas Aquinas and
the others on the rebound of bodies, in
the 7th on Physics, on heaven and earth.

M. 62a]

1478.

Aristotle says that if a force can move
a body a given distance in a given time, the
same force will move half the same body
twice as far in the same time.

C. A. 284b; 865b]

1479.

Aristotle in Book 3 of the Ethics: Man
merits praise or blame solely in such mat-
ters as lie within his option to do or not
to do.

C.A. 121a; 375a]

1480.

Aristotle says that every body tends to
maintain its nature.

K.2 3b]

1481.

On the increase of the Nile, a small book
by Aristotle.
[Footnote: _De inundatione Nili_, is quoted here and
by others as a work of Aristotle. The Greek
original is lost, but a Latin version of the beginning
exists (Arist. Opp. IV p. 213 ed. Did. Par.).

In his quotations from Aristotle Leonardo possibly
refers to one of the following editions: _Aristotelis libri IV
de coelo et mundo; de anima libri III; libri VIII physi-
corum; libri de generatione et corruptione; de sensu et
sensato... omnia latine, interprete Averroe, Venetiis 1483_
(first Latin edition). There is also a separate edition
of _Liber de coelo et mundo_, dated 1473.]

W.A. IV.151b]

1482.

Avicenna will have it that soul gives birth
to soul as body to body, and each member
to itself.
[Footnote: Avicenna, see too No. 1421, 1. 2.]

F. o"]

1483.

Avicenna on liquids.

Br.M. 71b]

1484.

Roger Bacon, done in print.
[Footnote:The earliest printed edition known to Brunet
of the works of Roger Bacon, is a French translation, which appeared about fourty years after Leonardo's
death.]

C.A. 139b; 419b]

1485.

Cleomedes the philosopher.
[Footnote: Cleomede. A Greek mathematician of the
IVth century B. C. We have a Cyclic theory of
Meteorica by him. His works were not published before
Leonardo's death.]

Tr. 4]

1486.

CORNELIUS CELSUS.

The highest good is wisdom, the chief
evil is suffering in the body. Because, as
we are composed of two things, that is soul
and body, of which the first is the better,
the body is the inferior; wisdom belongs
to the better part, and the chief evil belongs
to the worse part and is the worst of all.
As the best thing of all in the soul is
wisdom, so the worst in the body is suf-
fering. Therefore just as bodily pain is the
chief evil, wisdom is the chief good of the
soul, that is with the wise man; and nothing
else can be compared with it.
[Footnote: Aulus Cornelius Celsus, a Roman physician,
known as the Roman Hippocrates, probably contemporary with Augustus. Only his eight Books 'De
Medicina", are preserved. The earliest editions are:
Cornelius Celsus, de medicina libr. VIII., Milan 1481
Venice 1493 and 1497.]

Tr. 57]

1487.

Demetrius was wont to say that there was
no difference between the speech and words
of the foolish and ignorant, and the noises
and rumblings of the wind in an inflated
stomach. Nor did he say so without reason,
for he saw no difference between the parts
whence the noise issued; whether their lower
parts or their mouth, since one and the
other were of equal use and importance.
[Footnote: Compare Vol. I, No. 10.]
S.K.M. III.93a]

1488.

Maestro Stefano Caponi, a physician, lives
at the piscina, and has Euclid De Ponderibus.

K.2 2a]

1489.

5th Book of Euclid. First definition: a
part is a quantity of less magnitude than
the greater magnitude when the less is
contained a certain number of times in the
greater.

A part properly speaking is that which
may be multiplied, that is when, being
multiplied by a certain number, it forms exactly
the whole. A common aggregate part ...

Second definition. A greater magnitude is
said to be a multiple of a less, when the
greater is measured by the less.

By the first we define the lesser [magnitude]
and by the second the greater is defined.
A part is spoken

K.2 2b]

1490.

of in relation to the whole; and all their
relations lie between these two extremes, and
are called multiples.

S.K.M.III. 16b]

1491.

Hippocrates says that the origin of men's
sperm derives from the brain, and from the
lungs and testicles of our parents, where the
final decocture is made, and all the other
limbs transmit their substance to this sperm
by means of expiration, because there are no
channels through which they might come to
the sperm.
[Footnote: The works of Hippocrates were printed first after Leonardo's death.] Ash.II. IIb]

1492.

Lucretius in his third [book] 'De Rerum
Natura'. The hands, nails and teeth were (165)
the weapons of ancient man.

They also use for a standard a bunch of
grass tied to a pole (167).
[Footnote: Lucretius, de rerum natura libri VI were
printed first about 1473, at Verona in 1486, at Brescia in 1495, at Venice in 1500 and in 1515, and at Florence in 1515. The numbers 165 and 167 noted by Leonardo at
the end of the two passages seem to indicate pages,
but if so, none of the editions just mentioned can
here be meant, nor do these numbers refer to the
verses in the poems of Lucretius.]

Tr. 2]

1493.

Ammianus Marcellinus asserts that seven
hundred thousand volumes of books were
burnt in the siege of Alexandria in the time
of Julius Cesar.
[Footnote: Ammiani Marcellini historiarum libri qui
extant XIII, published at Rome in 1474.]

Tr. 2]

W. XXIII.]

1494.

Mondino says that the muscles which
raise the toes are in the outward side of
the thigh, and he adds that there are no
muscles in the back [upper side] of the feet,
because nature desired to make them light, so
as to move with ease; and if they had been
fleshy they would be heavier; and here
experience shows ...
[Footnote: "Mundini anatomia. Mundinus, Anothomia (sic).
Mundini praestantissimorum doctorum almi studit ticiensis
(sic) cura diligentissime emendata. Impressa Papiae per magistrum Antonium de Carfano 1478," in-fol.; ristampata:
"Bononiae Johan. de Noerdlingen, 1482," in-fol.; "Padova

per Mattheum Cerdonis de Vuindischgretz, 1484," in-40;
"Lipsia, 1493," in-40; "Venezia, 1494," in-40 e ivi
"1498,"
con fig. Queste figure per altro non sono, come si e
preteso, le prime che fossero introdotte in un trattato di Notamia. Nel 'fasciculus Medicinae' di Giovanni Ketham,
che riproduce F'Anatomia' del Mundinus, impresso pure a
Venezia da J. e G. de Gregoriis, 1491, in-fol.,
contengosi intagli in legno (si vogliono disegnati non gia incisi da
Andrea Mantegna) di grande dimensione, e che furono
piu volte riprodotti negli anni successivi. Quest' edizione
del "fasciculus" del 1491, sta fra nostri libri e potrebbe
benissimo essere il volume d'Anatomia notato da Leonardo.
(G. D'A.)]

G. 8a]

1495.

Of the error of those who practice without knowledge;--[Footnote 3:**where is it?**]
See first the 'Ars poetica' of Horace [Footnote 5: **where is it?**].

[Footnote: A 3--5 are written on the margin at the side
of the title line of the text given, entire as No. 19
1496.

The heirs of Maestro Giovanni Ghiringallo
have the works of Pelacano.

1497.

The catapult, as we are told by Nonius
and Pliny, is a machine devised by those &c.
[Footnote: _Plinius_, see No. 946.]

1498.

I have found in a history of the Spaniards
that in their wars with the English Archimedes
of Syracuse who at that time was living
at the court of Ecliderides, King of the
Cirodastri. And in maritime warfare he ordered that
the ships should have tall masts, and that on
their tops there should be a spar fixed [Footnote 6: Compare No. 1115.] of
40 feet long and one third of a foot thick. At
one end of this was a small grappling iron and
at the other a counterpoise; and there was also
attached 12 feet of chain; and, at the end of
this chain, as much rope as would reach from
the chain to the base of the top, where it was
fixed with a small rope; from this base it ran
down to the bottom of the mast where a
very strong spar was attached and to this
was fastened the end of the rope. But to go on
to the use of his machine; I say that below
this grappling iron was a fire [Footnote 14: Compare No. 1128.] which, with
tremendous noise, threw down its rays and
a shower of burning pitch; which, pouring
down on the [enemy's] top, compelled the
men who were in it to abandon the top
to which the grappling-iron had clung. This
was hooked on to the edges of the top
and then suddenly the cord attached at the
base of the top to support the cord which
went from the grappling iron, was cut, giving
way and drawing in the enemy's ship; and
if the anchor--was cast ...
[Footnote: Archimedes never visited Spain, and the
names here mentioned cannot be explained. Leonardo
seems to quote here from a book, perhaps by some
questionable mediaeval writer. Prof. C. Justi writes to
me from Madrid, that Spanish savants have no knowledge
of the sources from which this story may have
been derived.]
Leic. 14b

1499.

Theophrastus on the ebb and flow of the
tide, and of eddies, and on water.
[Footnote: The Greek philosophers had no opportunity
to study the phenomenon of the ebb and flow of
the tide and none of them wrote about it. The
movement of the waters in the Euripus however was to
a few of them a puzzling problem.]

Ash. II. IIb]

1500.

Tryphon of Alexandria, who spent his life
at Apollonia, a city of Albania (163).
[Footnote: Tryphon of Alexandria, a Greek Grammarian
of the time of Augustus. His treatise *TtaOY Aeijecu* appeared first at Milan in 1476, in Constantin
Laskaris's Greek Grammar.]

K.3 29b]

1501.

Messer Vincenzio Aliprando, who lives
near the Inn of the Bear, has Giacomo
Andrea's Vitruvius.

L. 53b]

1502.

Vitruvius says that small models are of
no avail for ascertaining the effects of large
ones; and I here propose to prove that
this conclusion is a false one. And chiefly
by bringing forward the very same argument
which led him to this conclusion; that is, by
an experiment with an auger. For he proves
that if a man, by a certain exertion of
strength, makes a hole of a given diameter,
and afterwards another hole of double the
diameter, this cannot be made with only
double the exertion of the man's strength,
but needs much more. To this it may very
well be answered that an auger

L. 53a]

1503.

of double the diameter cannot be
moved by double the exertion, be-
cause the superficies of a body of
the same form but twice as large has
four times the extent of the superficies
of the smaller, as is shown in the two
figures a and n.

Section title: Notes on books and authors
* There are characters present in the original footnotes that have accents - I have placed an asterisk next to them.

1504.

OF SQUARING THE CIRCLE, AND WHO IT WAS
THAT FIRST DISCOVERED IT BY ACCIDENT.

Vitruvius, measuring miles by means of
the repeated revolutions of the wheels which
move vehicles, extended over many Stadia
the lines of the circumferences of the circles
of these wheels. He became aware of them
by the animals that moved the vehicles. But
he did not discern that this was a means of
finding a square equal to a circle. This was
first done by Archimedes of Syracuse, who
by multiplying the second diameter of a circle
by half its circumference produced a rectangular
quadrilateral equal figure to the circle.
[Footnote: Vitruvius, see also Nos. 1113 and 343.
10. Compare No. 1475.]

1505.

Virgil says that a blank shield is devoid of
merit because among the people of Athens the
true recognition confirmed by testimonies ...
[Footnote: The end of the text cannot be deciphered.]

1506.

In Vitolone there are 805 conclusions
[problems] in perspective.
[Footnote: _(Witelo, Vitellion, Vitellon) Vitellione. *E da
vedersi su questo ottico prospettico del secolo XIII Luca
Pacioli, Paolo Lomazzo, Leonardo da Vinci, ecc. e fra i
moderni il Graesse, il Libri, il Brunet, e le Memorie
pubblicate dal principe Boncompagni, e 'Sur l' orthographe
du nom et sur la patrie de Witelo (Vitellion) note de
Maximilien Curtze, professeur *a Thorn', ove sono descritti
i molti codici esistenti nelle biblioteche d' Europa. Bernardino
Baldi nelle sue 'Vite de'matematici', manoscritto presso
il principe Boncompagni, ha una biografia del Vitellione.
Questo scritto del Baldi reca la data 25 agosto 1588.
Discorsero poi di lui Federigo Risnerio e Giovanni di Monteregio
nella prefazione dell' Alfagrano, Giovanni Boteone,
Girolamo Cardano, 'De subtilitate', che nota gli errori di
Vitellione. Visse, secondo il Baldi, intorno all' anno 1269,
ma secondo il Reinoldo fioriva nel 1299, avendo dedicata
la sua opera ad un frate Guglielmo di Monteca, che visse
di que' tempi.